Table 1 Demographics and clinical characteristics between mother-infant pairs with and without maternal depression.

Characteristics	Depressed (n = 218)	Non- depressed (n = 1273)	P value^a
Sociodemographic characteristics
Maternal age [Mean (SD)] (years)	27.22 (3.91)	27.73 (3.61)	0.059
Maternal education <9 years [n (%)]	63 (28.9)	247 (19.4)	0.001
Family monthly income <2000 yuan RMB [n (%)]	44 (20.2)	181 (14.2)	0.023
Health status
Prepregnancy BMI [Mean (SD)] (kg/m²)	20.14 (2.22)	20.16 (2.45)	0.884
Gestational weight gain [Mean (SD)] (kg)	16.04 (4.73)	16.88 (4.87)	0.018
Multipara [n (%)]	33 (15.1)	166 (13.0)	0.400
Pregnancy complication^b [n (%)]	36 (16.5)	190 (14.9)	0.546
Lifestyle
Maternal alcohol consumption^c [n (%)]	47 (21.6)	178 (14.0)	0.004
Paternal alcohol consumption^c [n (%)]	176 (80.7)	1023 (80.4)	0.898
Paternal smoking^d [n (%)]	72 (33.3)	264 (20.7)	<0.001
Vitamin D supplementation^e [n (%)]	100 (45.9)	612 (48.1)	0.547
Birth outcomes
Female infant [n (%)]	100 (45.9)	691 (54.3)	0.022
Birth during winter-spring [n(%)]	110 (50.5)	589 (46.3)	0.252
Gestational weeks [Mean (SD)] (weeks)	38.6 (1.9)	39.0 (1.4)	0.008
Birth weight [Mean (SD)] (g)	3336 (549)	3393 (430)	0.149
Cord blood 25(OH)D [Mean (SD)] (nmol/L)	36.89 (20.93)	39.87 (20.23)	0.046
Cord blood 25(OH)D < 25 nmol/L [n (%)]	71 (32.6)	318 (25.0)	0.018

Abbreviation: 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; BMI, body mass index.
^aChi-square test for categorical variables and Student’s t-test for continuous variables with univariate analysis.
^bComplication of pregnancy included diabetes mellitus, hypertension, abnormal heart function, thyroid disease, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, and moderate and severe anemia.
^cMaternal and paternal alcohol consumption was defined as any alcohol consumption up to 6 months before pregnancy.
^dPaternal smoking was defined as more than 6 cigarettes daily up to 6 months before pregnancy.
^eMaternal vitamin D supplementation was defined as the use of vitamin D supplement for greaterthan two months during pregnancy.

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