Figure 5
From: Multitrophic Effects of Belowground Parasitoid Learning
Social Behavioral Plasticity in Parasitoids affects Host Infection. (a) Cohorts of entomopathogenic infective juveniles exposed to d-limonene can influence infective juveniles of other species resulting in increased host infection probability. For trials with leaders, cohorts of 50 H. indica infective juveniles exposed to d-limonene (the ‘leaders’) were paired with 2450 nonexposed infective juveniles of either H. indica, S. riobrave, or S. diaprepesi. For trials without leaders, cohorts consisted of 2500 nonexposed infective juveniles. (b) Mixed leader-follower cohorts mimic performance of exposed only cohorts. Exposed cohorts consisted of 2500 infective juveniles exposed to d-limonene. Following cohorts consisted of mixed groups of 50 H. indica infective juveniles paired with 2450 nonexposed infective juveniles. Nonexposed cohorts consisted of 2500 infective juveniles exposed to blank controls not consisting of plant volatiles. Bars and error bars denote mean infection probability of D. abbreviatus larvae paired with d-limonene and 95% confidence intervals respectively. Groups not sharing letters are significantly different (P < 0.05, Tukey’s test).
