Figure 5

Suppression of ILC3s by butyrate treatment negatively affected Tregs in PPs. (a) Distributions of CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ Tregs in PPs of the terminal ileum (TI PP), PPs in the jejunum (J PP), and the LP of SPF mice (upper panel) and ABX-treated mice (lower panel) were analyzed by flow cytometry. The numbers indicate the percentage of cells in each area and data representative of three independent experiments are shown. (b) Absolute numbers of CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ Tregs in PPs of the terminal ileum (TI PP), PPs in the jejunum (J PP), and LP of SPF mice (upper panel) and ABX-treated mice (lower panel) are shown. Data represent the mean ± SE counted from three independent experiments with two mice per group. (c) In vitro proliferation of CD4⁺Foxp3⁺ cells in PPs of the terminal ileum (TI PP) and PPs of the jejunum (J PP) from transgenic OT-II mice by OVA peptide treatment was analyzed by flow cytometry. The numbers indicate the percentage of cells in each area and data representative of two independent experiments are shown. (d) The absolute numbers of CD4⁺Foxp3⁺ Tregs and CD4⁺Foxp3⁻ T cells were counted from experiment (c). Data represent the mean ± SE counted from three independent experiments with two mice per group.