Table 3 Multiple regression models of (a) foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, (b) FAZ circularity, (c) total vessel density, (d) parafoveal vessel density and (e) fractal dimension (f) vessel diameter index (dependent variables) with variables that showed significant associations in univariate analyses (independent variables).
| Â | Beta coefficient | SE | 95% CI | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
(a) FAZ area (mm 2 ) | ||||
Severe or above DR vs. no DR | 0.100 | 0.153 | 0.042 to 0.153 | 0.001 |
Moderate DR vs. no DR | 0.068 | 0.030 | 0.032 to 0.104 | <0.001 |
Mild DR vs. no DR | 0.054 | 0.018 | 0.015 to 0.092 | 0.007 |
Axial length, mm | −0.017 | 0.007 | −0.029 to −0.004 | 0.010 |
Central subfield macular thickness, µm | −0.001 | 3.00 × 10−4 | −0.002 to −3.00 × 10−4 | 0.005 |
Subfoveal choroidal thickness, µm | 1.00 × 10−4 | 7.25 × 10−5 | −1.63 × 10−5 to 2.68 × 10−4 | 0.083 |
Gender (male vs. female) | −0.030 | 0.165 | −0.062 to 0.003 | 0.072 |
(b) FAZ circularity | ||||
Severe or above DR vs. no DR | −0.054 | 0.292 | −0.111 to 0.003 | 0.064 |
Moderate DR vs. no DR | −0.036 | 0.152 | −0.066 to −0.007 | 0.016 |
Mild DR vs. no DR | −0.036 | 0.151 | −0.062 to 0.002 | 0.034 |
LogMAR, per unit | −0.079 | 0.038 | −0.152 to −0.005 | 0.036 |
Average macular thickness, µm | −0.001 | 3.56 × 10−4 | −0.001 to 3.72 × 10−5 | 0.064 |
History of stroke (yes vs. no) | −0.044 | 0.023 | −0.088 to 1.97 × 10−4 | 0.051 |
(c) Total vessel density (%) | ||||
Severe or above DR vs. no DR | −0.051 | 0.023 | −0.097 to −0.005 | 0.029 |
Moderate DR vs. no DR | −0.043 | 0.009 | −0.061 to −0.025 | <0.001 |
Mild DR vs. no DR | −0.032 | 0.009 | −0.050 to −0.014 | 0.001 |
Average GC-IPL, µm | 0.001 | 4.00 × 10−4 | 5.64 × 10−5 to 0.002 | 0.035 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 0.006 | 0.006 | −0.006 to 0.019 | 0.301 |
LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 0.005 | 0.008 | −0.011 to 0.022 | 0.508 |
(d) Parafoveal vessel density (%) | ||||
Severe or above DR vs. no DR | −0.052 | 0.025 | −0.101 to −0.003 | 0.039 |
Moderate DR vs. no DR | −0.043 | 0.010 | −0.063 to −0.024 | <0.001 |
Mild DR vs. no DR | −0.032 | 0.010 | −0.052 to −0.031 | 0.001 |
Average GC-IPL, µm | 0.001 | 4.00 × 10−4 | 1.88 × 10−4 to 0.002 | 0.016 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 0.005 | 0.007 | −0.008 to 0.018 | 0.439 |
LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 0.006 | 0.009 | −0.008 to 0.018 | 0.481 |
History of arrhythmia (yes vs. no) | 0.002 | 0.014 | −0.025 to 00.28 | 0.904 |
(e) Fractal dimension | ||||
Severe or above DR vs. no DR | −0.010 | 0.003 | −0.016 to −0.003 | 0.003 |
Moderate DR vs. no DR | −0.009 | 0.002 | −0.012 to −0.006 | <0.001 |
Mild DR vs. no DR | −0.006 | 0.002 | −0.010 to −0.003 | <0.001 |
Subfoveal choroidal thickness, µm | −1.52 × 10−5 | 8.11 × 10−6 | −3.11 × 10−5 to 7.21 × 10−7 | 0.061 |
HbA1c, % | −0.001 | 0.001 | −0.002 to 4.27 × 10−4 | 0.266 |
History of Renal disease (yes vs. no) | 0.004 | 0.002 | −0.001 to 0.009 | 0.086 |
Current smoking (yes vs. no) | −0.003 | 0.002 | −0.00λo 0.001 | 0.095 |
(f) Vessel Diameter Index (mm) | ||||
Severe or above DR vs. no DR | 0.001 | 2.18 × 10−4 | 2.87 × 10−4 to 0.001 | 0.001 |
Moderate DR vs. no DR | 0.001 | 1.31 × 10−4 | 3.11 × 10−4 to 0.001 | <0.001 |
Mild DR vs. no DR | 4.42 × 10−4 | 1.71 × 10−4 | 1.07 × 10−4 to 0.001 | 0.01 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | −1.13 × 10−5 | 6.00 × 10−6 | −2.31 × 10−5 to 4.51 × 10−7 | 0.059 |
Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 6.14 × 10−5 | 2.58 × 10−5 | 1.09 × 10−5 to 1.12 × 10−4 | 0.017 |
