Table 3 Distribution of urinary total arsenic and HOMA-IR values according to psychological characteristics in elementary school students.

From: The Methylation Capacity of Arsenic and Insulin Resistance are Associated with Psychological Characteristics in Children and Adolescents

Variables	N	Urinary total arsenic (μg/L)	Urinary total arsenic (μg/g creatinine)	iAs%	MMA%	DMA%	HOMA-IR value
Self-concept
Higher than normal	75	25.87 ± 2.78	34.57 ± 4.71	5.61 ± 0.92	5.79 ± 0.83	88.60 ± 1.56	3.03 ± 0.79
Normal	169	24.30 ± 1.62	27.28 ± 1.86	4.68 ± 0.35	4.42 ± 0.35	90.80 ± 0.52	2.48 ± 0.26
Lower than normal	52	23.77 ± 2.44	31.90 ± 4.13	3.90 ± 0.38	5.45 ± 0.81	90.65 ± 0.98	3.53 ± 1.12
p value		0.83	0.19	0.20	0.21	0.20	0.44
Normal	169	24.30 ± 1.62	27.28 ± 1.86	4.68 ± 0.35	4.52 ± 0.35	90.80 ± 0.52	2.48 ± 0.26
Abnormal	127	25.01 ± 1.92	33.48 ± 3.24	4.91 ± 0.57	5.65 ± 0.59	89.44 ± 1.00	3.23 ± 0.66
p value		0.78	0.10	0.73	0.10	0.23	0.28
Anxiety
Normal	255	23.82 ± 1.24	29.07 ± 1.83	5.03 ± 0.35	5.20 ± 0.36	89.77 ± 0.58	2.59 ± 0.33
Mild	20	28.20 ± 8.24	32.33 ± 9.66	2.42 ± 0.43	3.91 ± 1.40	93.67 ± 1.42	4.89 ± 1.05
Moderate/Severe	21	30.71 ± 3.94	38.25 ± 6.23	3.96 ± 0.93	3.67 ± 0.62	92.38 ± 1.24	3.31 ± 1.62
p value		0.27	0.38	0.09	0.32	0.09	0.17
Normal	255	23.82 ± 1.24	29.07 ± 1.83	5.03 ± 0.35	5.20 ± 0.36	89.77 ± 0.58	2.59 ± 0.33
Abnormal	41	29.49 ± 4.44	35.36 ± 5.64	3.21 ± 0.53	3.79 ± 0.74	93.01 ± 0.93	4.08 ± 0.97
p value		0.23	0.22	<0.01	0.13	<0.01	0.10
Depression
Normal	257	23.59 ± 1.16^c	29.25 ± 1.72	4.95 ± 0.36	5.22 ± 0.36	89.83 ± 0.58	2.80 ± 0.36
Mild	18	39.86 ± 10.54^c,d	44.01 ± 13.72	3.42 ± 0.55	4.56 ± 1.42	92.02 ± 1.49	2.96 ± 0.79
Moderate/Severe	21	23.96 ± 4.15^d	26.36 ± 5.50	3.84 ± 0.79	2.77 ± 0.58	93.39 ± 0.94	2.65 ± 0.65
p value		<0.01	0.11	0.37	0.15	0.15	0.98
Normal	257	23.59 ± 1.16^a	29.25 ± 1.72	4.95 ± 0.36	5.22 ± 0.36	89.83 ± 0.58	2.80 ± 0.36
Abnormal	39	31.29 ± 5.43	34.50 ± 7.04	3.65 ± 0.49	3.60 ± 0.73	92.76 ± 0.85	2.79 ± 0.50
p value		0.04	0.47	0.03	0.09	<0.01	0.99
Anger
Normal	249	23.80 ± 1.31	29.74 ± 1.86	4.83 ± 0.36	4.99 ± 0.35	90.18 ± 0.59	2.73 ± 0.30
Mild	24	26.27 ± 4.08	28.32 ± 5.10	4.81 ± 1.03	5.14 ± 1.12	90.05 ± 1.51	3.64 ± 2.41
Moderate/Severe	23	31.52 ± 5.79	33.78 ± 8.97	4.23 ± 0.65	5.03 ± 1.36	90.74 ± 1.45	2.64 ± 0.56
p value		0.23	0.80	0.88	0.99	0.96	0.73
Normal	249	23.80 ± 1.31	29.74 ± 1.86	4.83 ± 0.36	4.99 ± 0.35	90.18 ± 0.59	2.73 ± 0.30
Abnormal	47	28.83 ± 3.50	30.99 ± 5.06	4.52 ± 0.61	5.09 ± 0.87	90.39 ± 1.04	3.15 ± 1.25
p value		0.14	0.80	0.67	0.92	0.86	0.75
Disruptive behavior
Normal	249	24.35 ± 1.33	29.71 ± 1.87	4.67 ± 0.36	5.10 ± 0.37	90.23 ± 0.60	2.62 ± 0.29
Mild	28	25.37 ± 5.14	33.12 ± 7.86	5.15 ± 0.83	3.51 ± 0.58	91.34 ± 1.20	2.90 ± 0.67
Moderate/Severe	19	26.77 ± 3.74	28.29 ± 4.53	5.60 ± 0.77	5.98 ± 1.05	88.43 ± 1.27	5.04 ± 3.04
p value		0.88	0.83	0.72	0.27	0.55	0.17
Normal	249	24.35 ± 1.33	29.71 ± 1.87	4.67 ± 0.36	5.10 ± 0.37	90.23 ± 0.60	2.62 ± 0.29
Abnormal	47	25.94 ± 3.38	31.17 ± 5.00	5.33 ± 0.58	4.51 ± 0.57	90.16 ± 0.90	3.77 ± 1.28
p value		0.64	0.76	0.34	0.39	0.96	0.39

^cNormal depression vs. Mild depression, p < 0.05; ^dMild depression vs. Moderate or Severe depression, p < 0.05.

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Table 3 Distribution of urinary total arsenic and HOMA-IR values according to psychological characteristics in elementary school students.

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