Table 4 Distribution of urinary total arsenic and HOMA-IR values according to psychological characteristics in junior high school students.

From: The Methylation Capacity of Arsenic and Insulin Resistance are Associated with Psychological Characteristics in Children and Adolescents

Variables	N	Urinary total arsenic (μg/L)	Urinary total arsenic (μg/g creatinine)	iAs%	MMA%	DMA%	HOMA-IR value
Self-concept
Higher than normal	82	26.81 ± 2.23	23.66 ± 1.90	6.87 ± 0.51	5.55 ± 0.49	87.57 ± 0.82	3.54 ± 0.19^a
Normal	161	26.84 ± 1.99	24.41 ± 2.24	7.99 ± 0.45	5.48 ± 0.44	86.53 ± 0.63	3.67 ± 0.21^b
Lower than normal	75	23.13 ± 1.82	21.80 ± 2.27	7.21 ± 0.67	4.58 ± 0.46	88.21 ± 0.89	4.88 ± 0.71^a,b
p value		0.45	0.74	0.27	0.37	0.27	0.03
Normal	161	26.84 ± 1.99	24.41 ± 2.24	7.99 ± 0.45	5.48 ± 0.44	86.53 ± 0.63	3.67 ± 0.21
Abnormal	157	25.05 ± 1.46	22.77 ± 1.47	7.03 ± 0.41	5.09 ± 0.34	87.88 ± 0.690	4.18 ± 0.36
p value		0.47	0.54	0.12	0.48	0.12	0.22
Anxiety
Normal	220	25.25 ± 1.37	22.13 ± 1.54	7.24 ± 0.33	5.33 ± 0.33	87.43 ± 0.51	3.98 ± 0.26
Mild	43	31.29 ± 4.07	28.02 ± 4.33	8.66 ± 1.15	5.97 ± 0.80	85.37 ± 1.41	3.98 ± 0.58
Moderate/Severe	55	24.62 ± 3.28	26.03 ± 3.33	7.72 ± 0.76	4.58 ± 0.70	87.70 ± 1.01	3.64 ± 0.34
p value		0.23	0.24	0.28	0.38	0.25	0.82
Normal	220	25.25 ± 1.37	22.13 ± 1.54	7.24 ± 0.33	5.33 ± 0.33	87.43 ± 0.51	3.98 ± 0.26
Abnormal	98	27.54 ± 2.57	26.90 ± 2.65	8.13 ± 0.66	5.19 ± 0.53	86.68 ± 0.84	3.79 ± 0.32
p value		0.43	0.10	0.23	0.82	0.43	0.63
Depression
Normal	243	25.43 ± 1.31	23.38 ± 1.53	7.04 ± 0.31^c	5.29 ± 0.31	87.67 ± 0.47	3.77 ± 0.21^c
Mild	36	33.04 ± 5.71	27.51 ± 5.08	9.44 ± 1.47^c	5.73 ± 1.06	84.83 ± 1.75	5.81 ± 1.06^c,d
Moderate/Severe	39	22.67 ± 2.66	21.40 ± 2.81	8.75 ± 0.67	4.84 ± 0.69	86.42 ± 1.13	3.13 ± 0.34^d
p value		0.09	0.52	0.01	0.74	0.10	<0.01
Normal	243	25.43 ± 1.31	23.38 ± 1.53	7.04 ± 0.31	5.29 ± 0.31	87.67 ± 0.47	3.77 ± 0.21
Abnormal	75	27.65 ± 3.11	24.34 ± 2.84	9.08 ± 0.78	5.26 ± 0.62	85.66 ± 1.02	4.42 ± 0.56
p value		0.51	0.76	0.02	0.97	0.08	0.28
Anger
Normal	258	25.87 ± 1.28	23.45 ± 1.49	7.45 ± 0.35	5.47 ± 0.32	87.08 ± 0.50	3.75 ± 0.18
Mild	33	32.44 ± 5.75	29.15 ± 5.09	6.99 ± 0.62	4.57 ± 0.64	88.44 ± 1.05	5.29 ± 1.32
Moderate/Severe	27	18.82 ± 3.35	18.31 ± 3.12	8.80 ± 0.98	4.43 ± 0.89	86.77 ± 1.59	3.86 ± 0.60
p value		0.06	0.21	0.40	0.40	0.62	0.08
Normal	258	25.87 ± 1.28	23.45 ± 1.49	7.45 ± 0.35	5.47 ± 0.32	87.08 ± 0.50	3.75 ± 0.18
Abnormal	60	26.31 ± 3.59	24.27 ± 3.19	7.81 ± 0.57	4.51 ± 0.53	87.69 ± 0.92	4.65 ± 0.77
p value		0.91	0.81	0.60	0.12	0.59	0.26
Disruptive behavior
Normal	264	26.35 ± 1.35	23.86 ± 1.52	7.18 ± 0.33^c	5.41 ± 0.32	87.41 ± 0.48	3.94 ± 0.22
Mild	28	22.34 ± 2.16	22.24 ± 3.24	9.73 ± 1.22^c	4.65 ± 0.70	85.63 ± 1.53	4.63 ± 0.97
Moderate/Severe	26	25.83 ± 6.03	22.45 ± 4.72	8.53 ± 0.95	4.71 ± 0.80	86.75 ± 1.49	3.02 ± 0.30
p value		0.66	0.91	0.04	0.62	0.50	0.27
Normal	264	26.35 ± 1.35	23.86 ± 1.52	7.18 ± 0.33	5.41 ± 0.32	87.41 ± 0.48	3.94 ± 0.22
Abnormal	54	24.02 ± 3.09	22.34 ± 2.80	9.15 ± 0.78	4.68 ± 0.53	86.17 ± 1.06	3.85 ± 0.53
p value		0.48	0.67	0.02	0.24	0.29	0.88

aSelf-concept higher than normal vs. Self-concept lower than normal, p < 0.05; ^bNormal self-concept vs. Self-concept lower than normal, p < 0.05; ^cNormal depression vs. Mild depression, p < 0.05; ^dMild depression vs. Moderate or Severe depression, p < 0.05.

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Table 4 Distribution of urinary total arsenic and HOMA-IR values according to psychological characteristics in junior high school students.

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