Figure 1

Radicle emergence and seed moisture content under four nitrogen levels. Four nitrogen levels: N0 (0 kg/ha), N168 (168 kg/ha), N240 (240 kg/ha, the usual nitrogen fertilizer level for winter wheat production in the North China Plain) and N300 (300 kg/ha). (A,B) Radicle emergence of seeds in 2014 and 2015. (C,D) Seed moisture content in 2014 and 2015. Error bars represent the standard deviation for three field plot replicates and each field plot replicate includes at least three technical replicates. Asterisks denote a significant difference according to unpaired Student’s t test (*p ≤ 0.05; **p ≤ 0.01).