Table 1 Study features of soy consumption and gastrointestinal cancer risk.
From: Meta-analysis of Soy Consumption and Gastrointestinal Cancer Risk
Reference | Location | Cancer type | Study years | Age | Cancer Size/Cohort Size | Intake measurements | Validity of FFQ | Soy consumption assessed | Cancer & death ascertainment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Incidence | |||||||||
Umesawa12 | Japan | Gastric cancer | 1988–2009 | 40–79 | 787/40, 729 | Self-administered FFQ | Yes | Miso soup | Population-based cancer registries; systematic review of death certificates |
Hedelin42 | Sweden | Colorectal cancer | 1991–2010 | 30–49 | Female: 206/48, 268 | Self-administered FFQ | No | Isoflavonoids | Swedish cancer registry; total population register |
Wada6 | Japan | Gastric cancer | 1992–2008 | ≥35 | Male: 441/14, 219 Female: 237/16, 573 | Self-administered FFQ | Yes | Miso soup, tofu (soy bean curd), deep-fried tofu, freeze-dried tofu, natto, houba-miso, soymilk, and boiled soy beans. | Regional population-based cancer registries; death certificate-only registration |
Ko41 | Korea | Gastric cancer | 1993–2008 | ≥35 | 166/9724 | Self-administered FFQ | No | Soybean/tofu, soybean pasta (miso soup) | Korean Central Cancer Registry; National Death Certificate databases |
Kweon46 | China | Gastric cancer | M: 2002–2006 F: 1996–2004 | M:40–74 F: 40–70 | Male: 324/61, 482 Female: 354/74, 941 | In-person interview | Yes | Soy milk, Tofu, dry bean, fresh bean, bean sprout | Shanghai cancer registry; death certificate registries and confirmation through home visit. |
Hara40 | Japan | Gastric cancer | 1995–2006 | 45–74 | Male: 899/39,569 F: 350/45, 312 | Self-administered FFQ | Yes | Miso soup, soymilk, tofu for miso soup, tofu for other dishes, yushidofu (predrained tofu), koyadofu (freeze-dried tofu), aburaage (deep-fried tofu), and natto (fermented soybeans) | Population-based cancer registries; |
Yang39 | China | Colorectal cancer | 1997–2005 | 40–70 | Female: 321/68, 412 | In-person interview | Yes | Soy milk, tofu, fried tofu, dried or pressed tofu, fresh green soy beans, dry soy beans, soy sprouts, and other soy products | Population-based Shanghai Cancer Registry; Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention |
Wang38 | USA | Colorectal cancer | 1992–2005 | ≥45 | Female: 3234/38, 408 | Self-administered semi-quantitative FFQ | Yes | Tofu | Medical record review; death certificates |
Butler37 | Singapore Chinese | Colorectal cancer | 1993–2005 | 45–74 | Total: 961/61, 321 | Self-administered Quantitative FFQ + Interview | Yes | Tofu in soups mixed dishes or alone, other tau kwa, foojook vegetarian meats, yong tau foo, other tau pok in soups | Population-based Singapore Cancer Registry; Singapore Registry of Births and Deaths |
Akhter36 | Japan | Colorectal cancer | 1995–2004 | 45–74 | Total: 886/83, 063 | Self-administered FFQ | Yes | Miso soup, tofu (soybean curd) for miso soup, tofu (boiled or cold) for other dishes, yushidofu (predrained tofu), koyadofu or shimitofu (freeze-dried tofu), aburaage (deep-fried tofu), natto (fermented soybean), and soymilk (soybean as major ingredient). | Population-based cancer registries; |
Oba35 | Japan | Colon cancer | 1992–2000 | ≥35 | Male: 111/13,894 Female: 102/16, 327 | Self-administered FFQ | Yes | Tofu, miso, soybeans, natto, soymilk, okara, dried tofu, fried tofu, deepfried tofu, and fried tofu with minced vegetables/seaweed | Regional population-based cancer registries; death certificate-only registration |
Sauvaget45 | Japan | Gastric cancer | 1980–1999 | 34–98 | 1270/38, 576 | Self-administered FFQ | Yes | Tofu (soybean curd), miso soup (soup made of a fermented and cooked soybeans paste) | Hospital records, physician notification and pathology records; Japanese family registration system |
Galanis28 | Hawaii, USA, | Gastric cancer | 1975–1994 | ≥18 | Male: 64/5, 610 Female: 44/6, 297 | Interview FFQ | No | Miso soup | Hawaii Tumor Registry |
Inoue 1996 | Japan | Gastric cancer | 1985–1995 | NA | 69/5, 373 | Self-administered FFQ | No | Soybean-paste soup (miso soup) | Aichi prefectural cancer registry and death certificates |
Ward47 (NCC) | European | Colorectal cancer | 1993–2006 | 40–79 | Male: 125/505 Female: 96/381 | Self-administered healthy and lifestyle questionnaire | No | Isoflavones | Ease Anglia Cancer Registry |
Mortality | |||||||||
Iso34 | Japan | Gastric cancer Colon cancer Rectal cancer | 1988–2003 | 40–79 | Male: 317/42,696 Female: 228/58, 494 | Self-administered FFQ | Yes | Miso soup | Annually collected Death certifications with permission of Management and Coordination Agency of the Japanese Government |
Kurosawa33 | Japan | Gastric cancer | 1989–1999 | ≥30 | 76/8, 035 | Self-administered FFQ | No | Bean and bean products (cooked beans and bean curd and natto) | Population registries in the municipalities |
Tokui32 | Japan | Gastric cancer | 1988–2003 | 40–79 | 859/110, 792 | Self-administered FFQ | Yes | Bean curd, miso soup | Annually collected Death certifications with permission of Management and Coordination Agency of the Japanese Government |
Khan31 | Japan, | Gastric cancer Colorectal cancer | 1984–2002 | ≥40 | Male: 51/1, 524 F: 29/1,634 | Staffs of the 45 health centers executed baseline survey and collected information | No | Tofu, miso soup, soybean curd, miso soup | By follow-up survey |
Ngoan30 | Japan, | Gastric cancer | 1986–1994 | ≥15 | Male: 77/5, 917 Female: 39/7,333 | Self-administered FFQ | No | Tofu, soymilk, miso soup | Death forms from local health center with permission of the Management and Coordination Agency of the Japanese Government. |
Nagata29 | Japan | Gastric cancer | 1992–1999 | ≥35 | Male: 81/13, 880 Female: 40/16,424 | Self-administered semi-quantitative FFQ | Yes | Tofu, miso, soybeans, natto, soymilk, okara, dried-tofu, deep-fried tofu, fried-tofu, fried tofu and minced vegetables/seaweed | Data from office of national vital statistics |
Kato 1992 | Japan | Gastric cancer | 1985–1991 | M: ≥40 F: ≥30 | 57/9,753 | Self-administered FFQ | No | Miso soup | Examination of death certificates |
