Table 2 The exposure type specific and gender specific risk estimates of GI cancer and soy consumption.

Umesawa¹²

Gastric cancer

Age, sex, body mass index, ethanol intake, smoking status, family history of gastric cancer, walking time, educational status, and perceived mental stress.

Both genders

1.66 (1.13–2.45)

Hedelin⁴²

Colorectal cancer

Age, total energy intake, BMI, years of education, smoking status, physical activity, and dietary intake of processed meat, alcohol, saturated fat, vitamin D, vegetables, fruits, fish, and fiber, and individual, phytoestrogens, mutually adjusted for the phytoestrogen categories ligands, isoflavonoids, and coumestrol

Female

1.06 (0.68, 1.65)

Wada⁶

Gastric cancer

Male: age, body mass index, physical activity score, smoking status, alcohol consumption, salt intake and education years

Male

0.71 (0.53–0.96)

Female: age, body mass index, physical activity score, smoking status, alcohol consumption, salt intake, education years and menopausal status

Female

0.58 (0.36–0.94)

Male

0.81 (0.60–1.09)

Female

0.60 (0.37–0.98)

Ko⁴¹

Gastric cancer

Age, sex, cigarette smoking, body mass index, alcohol drinking, and area of residence

Both genders

0.68 (0.38–1.21)

Male

0.77 (0.52–1.13)

Female

0.41 (0.22–0.78)

Both genders

2.01 (0.52–8.50)

Male

1.06 (0.93–1.21)

Female

1.10 (0.90–1.34)

Kweon⁴⁶

Gastric cancer

Age, BMI, metabolic equivalents hours per week per year, chronic gastritis history, family gastric cancer history, born in urban Shanghai, family income, ever drink, ever smoke, and smoking amounts at baseline examinations as well as for median intakes of total calories, red meat, vegetables, sodium, fruit (excluding watermelon), and sex (for the models including both sexes, only).

Both genders

0.72 (0.55, 0.95)

Male

0.64 (0.42, 0.99)

Female

0.82 (0.57, 1.17)

Hara⁴⁰

Gastric cancer

Age, public center area, BMI, smoking status, ethanol intake, family history of gastric cancer, vegetable intake, fruit intake, fish intake, salt intake, and total energy intake.

Male

1.02 (0.82, 1.25)

Female

0.99 (0.71, 1.38)

Male

1.00 (0.81, 1.24)

Female

1.07 (0.77, 1.50)

Male

1.17 (0.94, 1.47)

Female

0.71 (0.50, 1.01)

Yang³⁹

Colorectal cancer

Age, education, household income, physical activity, BMI, menopausal status, family history of colorectal cancer, total calorie intake, and average intakes of fruit, vegetables, red meat, non-soy calcium, non-soy fiber, and non-soy folic acid and was stratified by birth year.

Female

0.67 (0.49, 0.90)

Isoflavones

Female

0.76 (0.56, 1.01)

Wang³⁸

Colorectal cancer

Age; race; total energy intake; randomized treatment assignment; smoking; alcohol use, physical activity; postmenopausal status; hormone replacement therapy use; multivitamin use; BMI; family history of colorectal cancer, ovary cancer, and breast cancer; and intake of fruit and vegetables, fiber, folate, and saturated fat.

Female

0.54 (0.20,1.46)

Butler³⁷

Colorectal cancer

Age, sex, dialect group, interview year, diabetes at baseline, smoking history, alcohol intake, education, any weekly physical activity, first-degree relative diagnosed with colorectal cancer, and total daily energy intake.

Both genders

0.95 (0.78–1.16)

Both genders

0.95 (0.79–1.13)

Akhter³⁶

Colorectal cancer

Age; public health center area; history of diabetes mellitus; body mass index; leisure time physical activity; cigarette smoking; alcohol drinking; and intake of vitamin D, dairy products, meat, vegetable, fruit, and fish. Also adjusted for menopausal status and current use of female hormones in women only.

Male

0.89 (0.68–1.17)

Female

1.04 (0.76–1.42)

Male

0.89 (0.67–1.17)

Female

1.07 (0.78–1.47)

Male

0.88 (0.64–1.10)

Female

1.03 (0.75–1.43)

Oba³⁵

Colon cancer

Age, height, alcohol intake, smoking status, BMI, physical exercise, coffee intake, and use of hormone replacement therapy (women only).

Male

1.24 (0.77–2.00)

Female

0.56 (0.34–0.92)

Male

1.47 (0.90–2.40)

Female

0.73 (0.44–1.18)

Sauvaget⁴⁵

Gastric cancer

Sex-specific age, sex, city, radiation dose, sex-specific smoking habits, and education level

Both genders

1.01 (0.85–1.20)

Both genders

1.01 (0.88–1.16)

Galanis²⁸

Gastric cancer

Age, years of education, Japanese place of birth, and gender (In combined analyses). Analyses among men were also adjusted for cigarette smoking and alcohol intake status

Both genders

1.2 (0.8–1.8)

Male

1.2 (0.7–2.0)

Female

1.3 (0.7–2.4)

Inoue 1996

Gastric cancer

Age and sex

Both genders

3.62 (0.79–16.70)

Ward⁴⁷

Colorectal cancer

Age, height, weight, family history of colorectal cancer, smoking status, aspirin use, physical activity, and average daily intake of fat, energy, calcium, fiber, alcohol, and red and processed meats.

Male

1.12 (0.88, 1.42)

Female

1.19 (0.92, 1.54)

Iso³⁴

Gastric cancer

Age

Male

0.96 (0.77–1.20)

Female

1.18 (0.89–1.58)

Colon cancer

Male

0.87 (0.58–1.28)

Female

0.84 (0.58–1.23)

Rectal cancer

Male

0.75 (0.48–1.18)

Female

1.02 (0.56–1.85)

Kurosawa³³

Gastric cancer

Age, sex, highly salted food, green and yellow vegetables, beans and bean products, mountain herbs, fruits, and the smoking habit

All

0.88 (0.31–2.56)

Tokui³²

Gastric cancer

Age

Male

1.07 (0.73–1.58)

Female

1.41 (0.75–2.64)

Khan³¹

Gastric cancer

Age, health status, health education, health screening and smoking;

Male

3.6 (0.5–26.0)

Male: age and smoking

Female

1.1 (0.1–8.5)

Male

0.2 (0.1–0.8)

Colorectal cancer

Male

1.5 (0.2–11.2)

Female

0.9 (0.1–6.9)

Ngoan³⁰

Gastric cancer

Both genders: age, sex, smoking, and other dietary factors (processed meat, liver, cooking oil, sui mono, and pickled food),

Both genders

0.4 (0.2–0.9)

Gender specific: age

Male

0.9 (0.4–1.8)

Female

0.8 (0.3–2.2)

Both genders

1.7 (0.6–4.5)

Nagata²⁹

Gastric cancer

Male: age, total energy, smoking status (current, former, and never-smokers) and body mass index at age about 21 years;

Male

0.48 (0.27–0.83)

Female: age, total energy, marital status, age at menarche, and body mass index at age about 21 years.

Female

0.49 (0.21–1.12)

Kato 1992

Gastric cancer

Age and sex

Both genders

1.04 (0.48–2.25)