Figure 1 | Scientific Reports

Figure 1

From: Exendin-4 attenuates blast traumatic brain injury induced cognitive impairments, losses of synaptophysin and in vitro TBI-induced hippocampal cellular degeneration

Figure 1

Schema of animal and cell culture study design. Panel A: Plasma was prepared from animals at the indicated times after the surgical implantation of the micro-osmotic pumps containing Ex-4. The levels of plasma Ex-4 were detected using a sensitive ELISA specific for Ex-4. Panel B: Animals were implanted with micro-osmotic pumps containing Ex-4 either 48 hours before or 2 hours after induction of a mild blast TBI (B-TBI). Brain synaptophysin staining studies were undertaken 72 hours after B-TBI. Animal cognition studies were undertaken 7 and 30 days after B-TBI. The blue dotted line indicates the duration of Ex-4 infusion by the 7 day micro-osmotic pumps. Panel C: HT22 cells were subjected to a series of sham or pulse injury (PI) procedures. Cells were pre-treated with drug vehicle or Ex-4 (25 nM or 100 nM) 2 hours prior to sham or PI challenge. Two hours after the last sham or PI challenge assessments of cell viability and neurite length were undertaken.

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