Table 1 Summary of Tukey’s posthoc tests for all linear contrasts of all models.

Life history and body mass

Lay date

Poisson GLM

−0.13

0.05

0.018

−0.08

0.05

0.205

0.05

0.05

0.571

Clutch size

Poisson GLM

−0.10

0.09

0.488

−0.13

0.09

0.291

−0.03

0.10

0.946

Hatch date

Poisson GLM

−0.07

0.04

0.133

−0.04

0.04

0.503

0.03

0.04

0.671

Hatching success

Binomial GLM

0.97

0.46

0.088

−0.48

0.43

0.502

−1.45

0.35

<0.001

Fledging success

Binomial GLM

−7.13

1.87

<0.001

−12.50

2.25

<0.001

−5.38

1.13

<0.001

Number of fledglings

Poisson GLM

−0.65

0.14

<0.001

−2.59

0.31

<0.001

−1.94

0.32

<0.001

Nestling body mass at day 13

LMM

−1.69

0.32

<0.001

−1.37

0.41

0.002

0.32

0.45

0.755

Adult body mass

LMM

−0.25

0.55

0.891

0.12

0.46

0.965

0.37

0.56

0.789

Caterpillars

Total weight (log)

LMM

−0.01

0.003

<0.001

Total numbers (log)

LMM

−0.60

0.08

<0.001

Provisioning behaviour

Visits per nestling (log)

LMM

0.04

0.21

1.000

0.49

0.16

0.007

0.45

0.21

0.098

Total visits per nest

LMM

−6.59

3.98

0.292

−6.57

3.06

0.096

0.03

3.98

1.000

Caterpillar volume (log)

LMM

−0.33

0.36

0.631

−0.66

0.28

0.049

−0.33

0.36

0.639

Number of caterpillars

LMM

−9.49

2.78

0.002

−13.02

2.14

<0.001

−3.52

2.78

0.411

Number of other arthropods (log)

LMM

0.10

0.41

0.967

0.42

0.31

0.344

0.32

0.41

0.707

Number of unidentified items

LMM

2.02

1.30

0.264

3.94

0.96

<0.001

1.92

1.31

0.304

Stable isotopes

Eggs δ¹³C

LM

1.11

0.47

0.031

Eggs δ¹⁵N

LM

−0.47

0.22

0.050

Adults δ¹³C

LM

0.66

0.17

0.001

0.71

0.15

<0.001

0.05

0.18

0.959

Adults δ¹⁵N

LM

−0.47

0.36

0.387

0.23

0.31

0.734

0.71

0.38

0.161

Nestlings δ¹³C

LM

0.74

0.23

0.009

0.76

0.22

0.005

0.02

0.26

0.997

Nestlings δ¹⁵N

LM

−0.18

0.28

0.801

1.19

0.27

<0.001

1.37

0.32

0.001