Table 4 Prospective association of sugar intake from sweet food/beverages and recurrent depression after 5 yearsa.

From: Sugar intake from sweet food and beverages, common mental disorder and depression: prospective findings from the Whitehall II study

 

Recurrent depression after 5 years, OR (95% CI)b

events/person observations

Model 0c

Model 1d

Model 2e

Sugar intake from sweet food/beverages

  Lowest Tertile

258/848

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

  Middle Tertile

220/737

1.19 (0.83, 1.73)

1.10 (0.76, 1.60)

1.05 (0.72, 1.53)

  Highest Tertile

263/719

1.81 (1.23, 2.66)

1.60 (1.08, 2.37)

1.47 (0.98, 2.22)

  Total

741/2304

   

P for trend

 

0.003

0.017

0.071

  1. Abbreviations: OR = Odds ratio, CI = Confidence interval, DASH = Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, CVD = cardiovascular disease. aProspective association across phases 7, 9 for recurrent depression. bDepression measured using 20-item the Centre of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.
  2. cModel 0 (792 events/2435 person observations): adjusted for age*sex, ethnicity. dModel 1: additionally adjusted for marital status, last grade level in civil service, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, sleep duration. eModel 2: additionally adjusted for energy intake from other foods, modified DASH diet score, fish, coffee and tea intake.
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