Table 1 General characteristics of study participants by gender*.

From: Associations of Coffee, Diet Drinks, and Non-Nutritive Sweetener Use with Depression among Populations in Eastern Canada

Characteristics

Men (n = 5854)

Women (n = 12984)

P value

Age, yr

53.8

(9.2)

52.5

(8.9)

<0.001

Regular coffee, n (%)

 Never

2107

(36.0)

6053

(46.6)

 

 >0–<4 cups/day

3011

(51.4)

6229

(48.0)

<0.001

 ≥4 cups/day

736

(12.6)

702

(5.4)

 

Decaffeinated coffee, n (%)

 Never

5406

(92.4)

11598

(89.3)

 

 >0–<2 cups/day

231

(4.0)

866

(6.7)

<0.001

 ≥2 cups/day

217

(3.7)

520

(5.0)

 

Total coffee, n (%)

 Never

1838

(31.4)

5243

(40.4)

 

 >0–<4 cups/day

3196

(54.6)

6856

(52.8)

<0.001

 ≥4 cups/day

820

(14.0)

885

(6.8)

 

NNS in coffee or tea, n (%)

 Never

5195

(88.7)

11306

(87.1)

 

 Some-times

190

(3.3)

567

(4.4)

0.27

 Always

469

(8.0)

1111

(8.6)

 

Diet drinks, n (%)

 Never

3709

(63.4)

7788

(60.0)

 

 <1 time/week

1198

(20.5)

3228

(24.9)

<0.001

 1–6 times/week

604

(10.3)

1324

(10.2)

 

 ≥1 times/day

343

(5.9)

644

(5.0)

 

NNS in coffee, tea, or drinks, n (%)

 Never

3416

(58.4)

7077

(54.5)

 

 Either

2072

(35.4)

4940

(38.1)

0.16

 Both

366

(6.3)

967

(7.5)

 

Major depression †, n (%)

656

(11.2)

2561

(19.7)

<0.001

Province of residence, n (%)

 Nova Scotia

3654

(64.3)

8091

(62.3)

0.24

 New Brunswick

1354

(23.1)

3089

(23.8)

 

 Newfoundland and Labrador

746

(12.7)

1550

(11.9)

 

 Prince Edward Island

100

(1.7)

254

(2.0)

 

Ethnicity, n (%)

 White

4997

(85.4)

10861

(83.7)

 

 Non-white

293

(5.0)

749

(5.8)

0.01

 DNK/PNAc

564

(9.6)

1374

(10.6)

 

Education, n (%)

 Less than high school

1145

(19.6)

2247

(17.3)

 

 College level

2073

(35.4)

5213

(40.2)

<0.001

 University level or higher

2357

(40.3)

4929

(38.0)

 

 DNK/PNAc

279

(4.8)

595

(4.6)

 

Smoking status, n (%)

 Never smoker

2641

(45.1)

6485

(50.0)

 

 Former smoker

2344

(40.0)

4701

(36.2)

<0.001

 Current smoker

582

(9.9)

1141

(8.8)

 

 DNK/PNAc

287

(4.9)

657

(5.1)

 

Alcohol use, n (%)

 Abstainer

595

(10.2)

297

(10.4)

 

 Occasional drinker

1637

(28.0)

1463

(44.6)

 

 Regular drinker

2068

(35.3)

953

(27.7)

<0.001

 Habitual drinker

1262

(21.6)

456

(12.7)

 

 DNK/PNAc

292

(5.0)

616

(4.7)

 

Cardiovascular disease ‡ , n (%)

313

(5.4)

273

(2.1)

<0.001

Diabetes mellitus § , n (%)

459

(7.8)

970

(7.5)

0.37

Body weight, kg

89.6

(15.0)

74.4

(14.4)

<0.001

Body height, cm

175.8

(6.6)

162.3

(6.0)

<0.001

Body mass index, kg/m 2

28.9

(4.5)

28.1

(6.0)

<0.001

Total physical activity, MET-min/week

2799

(1156, 6294)

1980

(787, 4305)

<0.001

Healthy eating index

35.3

(11.1)

38.9

(11.4)

<0.001

  1. DNK/PNA = do not know/prefer not to answer; NNS = non-nutritive sweetener. *Data are means (standard deviation), number of participants (percentage), or median (interquartile range). Percentages may not total 100 due to rounding. The numbers of participants vary slightly among different variables. †Defined as a PHQ-9 score ≥ 10 and/or current use of antidepressant. ‡Self-reported coronary heart disease and/or stroke. §Self-reported diabetes mellitus.
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