Table 4 Associations between non-nutritive sweeteners use and major depression risk among populations in Atlantic Canada.

	Cases/n	OR (95% CI)
	Cases/n	Model 1	Model 2
*NNS in coffee or tea*
Men
Never	543/5195	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)
Sometimes	30/190	1.60 (1.08–2.39)	1.29 (0.85–1.95)
Always	83/469	1.85 (1.43–2.38)	1.39 (1.05–1.83)
P for trend		<0.001	0.013
Women
Never	2133/11306	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)
Sometimes	127/567	1.24 (1.01–1.52)	1.14 (0.92–1.41)
Always	301/1111	1.59 (1.38–1.83)	1.31 (1.13–1.53)
P for trend		<0.001	<0.001
P for interaction between men and women		0.34	0.39
*Diet drinks*
Men
Never	394/3709	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)
<1 time/week	124/1198	0.97 (0.79–1.20)	0.96 (0.77–1.21)
1–6 times/week	73/604	1.16 (0.89–1.52)	1.04 (0.78–1.38)
≥1 times/day	65/343	1.97 (1.48–2.64)	1.35 (0.98–1.86)
P for trend		<0.001	0.17
Women
Never	1467/7788	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)
<1 time/week	599/3228	0.98 (0.88–1.09)	0.95 (0.85–1.06)
1–6 times/week	275/1324	1.13 (0.98–1.30)	1.03 (0.89–1.20)
≥1 times/day	220/644	2.22 (1.87–2.64)	1.66 (1.38–2.00)
P for trend		<0.001	<0.001
P for interaction between men and women		0.91	0.97
*NNS in coffee, tea, or drinks*
Men
Never	341/3416	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)
Either^*	255/2072	1.27 (1.07–1.51)	1.17 (0.97–1.41)
Both^†	60/366	1.78 (1.32–2.39)	1.23 (0.89–1.71)
P for trend		<0.001	0.077
Women
Never	1292/7077	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)
Either^*	1016/4940	1.16 (1.06–1.27)	1.05 (0.95–1.15)
Both^†	253/967	1.58 (1.35–1.84)	1.32 (1.12–1.55)
P for trend		<0.001	0.006
P for interaction between men and women		0.58	0.34

NNS = non-nutritive sweetener. Model 1, adjusted for age. Model 2, further adjusted for ethnicity, education, province of residence, smoking status, alcohol drinking, self-reported cardiovascular disease and diabetes, healthy eating index (in tertiles), total physical activity (in MET-min/week tertiles), and BMI based on model 1. ^*Either added non-nutritive sweetener in coffee or tea or drank diet drinks. ^†Both added non-nutritive sweetener in coffee or tea and drank diet drinks.

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