Table 5 Interactions of coffee drinking and sweeteners use in relation to major depression risk*.

From: Associations of Coffee, Diet Drinks, and Non-Nutritive Sweetener Use with Depression among Populations in Eastern Canada

Total coffee drinking

Use of NNS

Never

Any†

Never

1.0 (Reference)

1.20 (1.05–1.38)

 >0–<4 cups/day

1.04 (0.92–1.18)

1.13 (1.00–1.28)

 ≥4 cups/day

1.44 (1.18–1.75)

1.39 (1.13–1.70)

  1. NNS = non-nutritive sweetener. *ORs and 95% CIs were computed with adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, education, province of residence, smoking status, alcohol drinking, self-reported cardiovascular disease and diabetes, healthy eating index (in tertiles), total physical activity (in MET-min/week tertiles), and BMI. †Non-nutritive sweetener use in coffee or tea or diet drinks.
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