Table 6 Multivariable adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for depression according to total coffee drinking and non-nutritive sweeteners use among participants with different smoking status and BMI levels (n = 17894)*.

From: Associations of Coffee, Diet Drinks, and Non-Nutritive Sweetener Use with Depression among Populations in Eastern Canada

 

Smoking†

Overweight or obesity‡

Combined

Never smoker

Ever smoker

No

Yes

Never smoker with normal weight

Ever smoker or overweight or obesity

Ever smoker with overweight or obesity

Total coffee drinking

Never

1.0 (Reference)

1.0 (Reference)

1.0 (Reference)

1.0 (Reference)

1.0 (Reference)

1.0 (Reference)

1.0 (Reference)

 >0–<4 cups/day

1.07 (0.94–1.21)

0.89 (0.78–1.01)

1.08 (0.90–1.30)

0.93 (0.84–1.04)

1.15 (0.90–1.48)

1.04 (0.91–1.18)

0.86 (0.74–0.99)

 ≥4 cups/day

1.29 (1.00–1.67)

1.27 (1.06–1.52)

1.49 (1.09–2.02)

1.21 (1.03–1.43)

1.84 (1.16–2.91)

1.25 (0.98–1.59)

1.26 (1.03–1.54)

 P for trend

0.066

0.13

0.032

0.30

0.023

0.14

0.21

Use of NNS

 Never

1.0 (Reference)

1.0 (Reference)

1.0 (Reference)

1.0 (Reference)

1.0 (Reference)

1.0 (Reference)

1.0 (Reference)

 Any§

1.13 (1.00–1.28)

1.07 (0.96–1.20)

1.04 (0.88–1.24)

1.13 (1.03–1.24)

1.36 (1.07–1.73)

0.97 (0.86–1.10)

1.17 (1.03–1.33)

 P

0.055

0.36

0.64

0.021

0.011

0.63

0.63

  1. NNS = non-nutritive sweetener. *Adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, education, province of residence, alcohol drinking, smoking (where applicable), self-reported cardiovascular disease and diabetes, healthy eating index (in tertiles), total physical activity (in MET-min/week tertiles), and BMI as well as mutually controlled for coffee drinking and sweeteners use. †Smoking status: never/ever smoker. ‡Overweight or obesity: BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. §Non-nutritive sweetener use in coffee or tea or diet drinks.
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