Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population.
Characteristics | Proteinuria by Dipstick test | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Negative | Trace ( ± ) | 1+ | 2+ | 3+ | 4+ | |
(N = 18,201,275) | (N = 17,611,940) | (N = 270,707) | (N = 214,883) | (N = 83,251) | (N = 17,386) | (N = 3,108) | |
Age | 45.3 ± 14.6 | 45.2 ± 14.6 | 47.1 ± 14.9 | 49.5 ± 15.1 | 51.1 ± 15 | 52.2 ± 14.7 | 52.7 ± 14.8 |
Age group | |||||||
<45 years | 9,117,474 (50.1) | 8,883,857 (50.4) | 119,872 (44.3) | 80,439 (37.4) | 27,321 (32.8) | 5,109 (29.4) | 876 (28.2) |
45–64 years | 7,055,518 (38.8) | 6,795,612 (38.6) | 113,469 (41.9) | 97,099 (45.2) | 39,287 (47.2) | 8,539 (49.1) | 1,512 (48.7) |
≥65 years | 2,028,283 (11.1) | 1,932,471 (11.0) | 37,366 (13.8) | 37,345 (17.4) | 16,643 (20.0) | 3,738 (21.5) | 720 (23.2) |
Sex category (Female) | 8,508,841 (46.7) | 8,228,925 (46.7) | 128,619 (47.5) | 103,563 (48.2) | 38,646 (46.4) | 7,739 (44.5) | 1,349 (43.4) |
Height (cm) | 163.5 ± 9.2 | 163.5 ± 9.2 | 163.2 ± 9.2 | 162.5 ± 9.1 | 162.4 ± 9.1 | 162.3 ± 9.0 | 162.3 ± 9.0 |
Body weight (kg) | 63.1 ± 11.4 | 63.1 ± 11.3 | 63.8 ± 11.8 | 64.1 ± 12.1 | 64.5 ± 12.4 | 64.6 ± 12.4 | 64.8 ± 12.3 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.5 ± 3.3 | 23.5 ± 3.2 | 23.9 ± 3.4 | 24.2 ± 3.5 | 24.4 ± 3.7 | 24.4 ± 3.7 | 24.5 ± 3.8 |
−18.5 | 788,860 (4.3) | 762,830 (4.3) | 11,970 (4.4) | 9,424 (4.4) | 3,735 (4.5) | 780 (4.5) | 121 (3.9) |
18.5–23 | 7,453,845 (41.1) | 7,248,747 (41.2) | 100,399 (37.1) | 72,093 (33.6) | 26,219 (31.5) | 5,401 (31.1) | 986 (31.7) |
23–25 | 4,409,486 (24.2) | 4,272,571 (24.3) | 63,800 (23.6) | 49,595 (23.1) | 18,847 (22.6) | 3,964 (22.8) | 709 (22.8) |
25–30 | 4,995,496 (27.5) | 4,805,162 (27.3) | 82868 (30.6) | 71,583 (33.3) | 28,846 (34.7) | 5,989 (34.5) | 1,048 (33.7) |
30- | 553,588 (3.0) | 522,630 (3.0) | 11,670 (4.3) | 12,188 (5.7) | 5,604 (6.7) | 1,252 (7.2) | 244 (7.9) |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 123.4 ± 16.6 | 123.2 ± 16.2 | 125.2 ± 17.7 | 128.6 ± 19.1 | 131.5 ± 20 | 134 ± 20.6 | 134.3 ± 21.1 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 77.1 ± 10.9 | 77 ± 10.7 | 78 ± 11.5 | 79.8 ± 12 | 81.2 ± 12.3 | 82.1 ± 12.5 | 81.8 ± 12.6 |
Smoking status | |||||||
Never smoker | 11,989,926 (66.0) | 11,595,519 (65.8) | 179,653 (66.4) | 145,118 (67.5) | 55,954 (67.2) | 11,617 (66.8) | 20,65 (66.4) |
Ex-smoker | 1,488,847 (8.2) | 1,437,165 (8.2) | 23,468 (8.7) | 18,557 (8.6) | 7,702 (9.3) | 1,647 (9.5) | 308 (9.9) |
Current smoker | 4,722,502 (26.0) | 4,579,256 (26.0) | 67,586 (25.0) | 51,208 (23.8) | 19,595 (23.5) | 4,122 (23.7) | 735 (23.7) |
Alcohol drinking | |||||||
Complete or near abstinence | 9,490,024 (52.1) | 9,169,243 (52.1) | 142,596 (52.7) | 118,856 (55.3) | 47,212 (56.7) | 10,260 (59.0) | 1,857 (59.8) |
Moderate consumption | |||||||
(≤4 glasses per week) | 3,023,297 (16.6) | 2,937,260 (16.7) | 41,935 (15.5) | 30,230 (14.1) | 11,291 (13.6) | 2,207 (12.7) | 374 (12.0) |
Heavy drinking | |||||||
(≥5 glasses per week) | 5,687,954 (31.3) | 5,505,437 (31.3) | 86,176 (31.8) | 65,797 (30.6) | 24,748 (29.7) | 4,919 (28.3) | 877 (28.2) |
Exercise | |||||||
No | 10,009,473 (55.0) | 9,688,062 (55.0) | 145,150 (53.6) | 118,756 (55.3) | 46,133 (55.4) | 9,647 (55.5) | 1,725 (55.5) |
1–4 times a week | 6,699,138 (36.8) | 6,489,208 (36.9) | 100,123 (37.0) | 74,701 (34.8) | 28,229 (33.9) | 5,848 (33.6) | 1,029 (33.1) |
5–7 times a week | 1,492,664 (8.2) | 1,434,670 (8.2) | 25,434 (9.4) | 21,426 (10.0) | 8,889 (10.7) | 1,891 (10.9) | 354 (11.4) |
Comorbidities | |||||||
Hypertension | 5,216,608 (28.7) | 4,954,357 (28.1) | 100,006 (36.9) | 101,722 (47.3) | 47,273 (56.8) | 11,215 (64.5) | 2,035 (65.5) |
Diabetes | 1,636,476 (9.0) | 1,513,221 (8.6) | 40,662 (15.0) | 49,507 (23.0) | 25,145 (30.2) | 6,633 (38.2) | 1,308 (42.1) |
Dyslipidemia | 2,754,129 (15.1) | 2,609,021 (14.8) | 55,882 (20.6) | 54,806 (25.5) | 26,246 (31.5) | 6,834 (39.3) | 1,340 (43.1) |
Ischemic heart disease | 457,659 (2.5) | 428,605 (2.4) | 10,190 (3.8) | 11,083 (5.2) | 5,903 (7.1) | 1,546 (8.9) | 332 (10.7) |
History of MI | 130,590 (0.7) | 122,971 (0.7) | 2,712 (1.0) | 2,864 (1.3) | 1,528 (1.8) | 427 (2.6) | 88 (2.8) |
Congestive heart failure | 109,719 (0.6) | 102,512 (0.6) | 2,341 (0.9) | 2,772 (1.3) | 1,529 (1.8) | 457 (2.6) | 108 (3.5) |
History of stroke | 184,509 (1.0) | 172,012 (1.0) | 4,315 (1.6) | 5,014 (2.3) | 2,408 (2.9) | 633 (3.6) | 127 (4.1) |
COPD | 961,643 (5.3) | 922,628 (5.2) | 16,087 (5.9) | 14,767 (6.9) | 6,413 (7.7) | 1,454 (8.4) | 294 (9.5) |
Follow-up (years) | 9.6 ± 1.9 | 9.6 ± 1.9 | 9.4 ± 2.0 | 9.2 ± 2.2 | 9 ± 2.4 | 8.7 ± 2.7 | 8.4 ± 2.8 |
