Table 3 Incidence and risk of atrial fibrillation according to the degree of proteinuria by dipstick test adjusted for other covariates in the Main Cohort (between 2005 and 2008).

From: Proteinuria Detected by Urine Dipstick Test as a Risk Factor for Atrial Fibrillation: A Nationwide Population-Based Study

 

Proteinuria by Dipstick test

P for trend

Negative

Trace (±)

1+

2+

3+

4+

AF cases

306,536

6,379

7,216

3,536

920

177

 

Person-years

169,293,090

2,542,006

1,985,107

750,175

151,649

26,213

 

AF incidence*

1.81

2.51

3.64

4.71

6.07

6.75

 

Model 1 HR (95% CI)

1

1.21 (1.18–1.24)

1.53 (1.50–1.57)

1.84 (1.78–1.90)

2.28 (2.14–2.43)

2.51 (2.17–2.91)

<0.001

Model 2 HR (95% CI)

1

1.19 (1.16–1.22)

1.48 (1.45–1.51)

1.76 (1.70–1.82)

2.19 (2.05–2.33)

2.41 (2.08–2.79)

<0.001

Model 3 HR (95% CI)

1

1.13 (1.11–1.16)

1.36 (1.33–1.39)

1.56 (1.51–1.62)

1.89 (1.77–2.01)

2.05 (1.77–2.37)

<0.001

Model 4 HR (95% CI)

1

1.13 (1.10–1.16)

1.34 (1.31–1.38)

1.53 (1.48–1.58)

1.82 (1.71–1.94)

1.86 (1.61–2.16)

<0.001

  1. AF, atrial fibrillation; CI, confidence intervals; HR, hazard ratios
  2. *Per 1000 person-years
  3. Model 1: Cox proportional model adjusted for age and sex. Model 2: model 1 with additional adjustment for body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise frequency. Model 3: model 2 with additional adjustment for diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia. Model 4: model 3 with additional adjustment for ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, stroke, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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