Table 1 Three-dimensional scapular kinematics and 4-muscle EMG data during lower phase of arm elevation in scapular plane.

From: Movement Pattern of Scapular Dyskinesis in Symptomatic Overhead Athletes

Arm elevation

Pattern I (mean ± SD) N = 88

Pattern II (mean ± SD) N = 110

>120°

90°~120°

60°~90°

30°~60°

0~30°

>120°

90°~120°

60°~90°

30°~60°

0~30°

UR*

 

37.5 ± 6.5

28.8 ± 5.2

17.4 ± 5.0

4.8 ± 4.1

 

38.3 ± 7.1

29.0 ± 5.6

17.5 ± 5.1

4.7 ± 4.1

PT*

 

8.2 ± 6.9

6.5 ± 5.6

4.2 ± 4.2

1.7 ± 2.7

 

8.4 ± 7.4

6.6 ± 6.0

4.2 ± 4.3

1.6 ± 2.6

ER*

 

6.1 ± 10.2

2.6 ± 7.1

0.5 ± 5.0

0 ± 3.6

 

5.7 ± 10.3

2.7 ± 7.0

0.9 ± 5.4

0.4 ± 4.2

UT

35.5 ± 15.3

31.4 ± 10.1

27.5 ± 8.5

18.2 ± 7.0

8.4 ± 4.6

37.8 ± 17.1

33.3 ± 11.9

29.3 ± 10.9

19.6 ± 9.2

9.1 ± 6.1

MT

23.6 ± 12.1

20.4 ± 8.5

18.0 ± 8.3

13.9 ± 7.1

8.1 ± 4.3

24.7 ± 13.6

20.4 ± 8.6

18.1 ± 8.1

14.1 ± 6.7

8.2 ± 3.9

LT

20.1 ± 13.3

19.0 ± 12.4

18.0 ± 12.8

12.6 ± 8.3

6.7 ± 4.5

21.4 ± 16.0

19.1 ± 13.2

18.1 ± 13.6

12.8 ± 9.9

6.9 ± 4.9

SA

50.0 ± 18.7

36.7 ± 12.5

26.3 ± 10.5

15.2 ± 8.1

8.6 ± 5.8

50.0 ± 18.6

36.3 ± 14.1

25.3 ± 10.7

14.1 ± 7.8

8.1 ± 5.6

  1. Pattern I: Inferior medial angle of the scapula is displaced posteriorly from the posterior thorax, prominent during dynamic observation and palpation; Pattern II: Entire medial border of the scapula is displaced posteriorly from the posterior thorax, prominent during dynamic observation and palpation.
  2. 120°, 90°, 60°, 30°: kinematics value at each angle of arm elevation; SD: standard deviation; N: number.
  3. *: 3-dimensional scapular kinematics (degree); UR: upward rotation; PT: posterior tipping; ER: external rotation.
  4. EMG value: percentage of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (% MVIC); UT: upper trapezius; MT: middle trapezius; LT: lower trapezius; SA: serratus anterior.
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