Table 1 Clinical characteristics of participants divided by quartiles of standard deviation in resting heart rate * (n = 46,873).
Quartile of standard deviation in resting heart rate, bpm | P for trend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quartile 1 (<3.6) | Quartile 2(3.6–5.8) | Quartile 3(5.8–8.5) | Quartile 4 (≥8.5) | ||
Participants (n) | 11,676 | 12,230 | 10,912 | 12,055 | — |
Age, mean (SD), years | 52 (11) | 52 (11) | 53 (12) | 53 (12) | <0.001 |
Men (%) | 76 | 77 | 79 | 81 | <0.001 |
Body mass index, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 25 (3) | 25 (3) | 25 (3) | 25 (3) | 0.324 |
Current smoker (%) | 34 | 34 | 36 | 35 | 0.044 |
High physical activity (%) | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 0.625 |
Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mmHg | 128 (16) | 129 (16) | 129 (17) | 132 (18) | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mmHg | 83 (9) | 83 (9) | 84 (9) | 85 (10) | <0.001 |
Resting heart rate, mean (SD), bpm | 72 (7) | 72 (7) | 74 (8) | 77 (9) | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol, mean (SD), mmol/L | 5.0 (1.4) | 5.0 (1.2) | 5.0 (1.2) | 5.0 (1.3) | 0.075 |
High density lipoprotein, mean (SD), mmol/L | 1.5 (0.5) | 1.5 (0.5) | 1.5 (0.5) | 1.5 (0.5) | 0.085 |
Fasting plasma glucose, mean (SD), mmol/L | 5.6 (1.9) | 5.6 (1.7) | 5.6 (1.5) | 5.8 (1.7) | <0.001 |
C-reactive protein >2 mg/L (%) | 30 | 31 | 32 | 34 | <0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus (%) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 0.042 |
Hypertension (%) | 42 | 43 | 44 | 48 | <0.001 |
Antihypertensive medication drug class | |||||
ACE inhibitor (%) | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.2 | <0.001 |
ARB (%) | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.473 |
Calcium channel blocker (%) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 0.080 |
Diuretic (%) | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.720 |
Other types (%) | 9.5 | 9.4 | 10.4 | 12.2 | <0.001 |
