Table 1 General characteristics of the study population according to frailty status (robust, pre-frail, frail).

From: Association between Frailty and Hypertension Prevalence, Treatment, and Control in the Elderly Korean Population

 

Robust (N = 721)

Pre-frail (N = 1707)

Frail (N = 1924)

P-value

Age

71.6 (4.9)

72.1 (5.3)

73.5 (5.5)

<0.001

SBP (mmHg)

127.3 (15.5)

129.9 (17.6)

130.4 (18.2)

<0.001

DBP (mmHg)

74.0 (8.6)

73.9 (9.7)

73.1 (10.6)

0.026

PP (mmHg)

53.3 (13.3)

56.0 (14.9)

57.3 (15.9)

<0.001

Waist circumference (cm)

82.7 (7.9)

83.4 (9.1)

84.6 (10.0)

<0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

23.2 (2.5)

23.6 (3.1)

24.2 (3.6)

<0.001

Hb (g/dl)

14.2 (1.3)

13.8 (1.4)

13.4 (1.5)

<0.001

GFR (60 ml/min/1.73 m2)

80.3 (10.3)

78.3 (12.6)

75.1 (16.0)

<0.001

Sodium intake (g/d)

4.7 (3.2)

4.1 (2.9)

3.7 (2.8)

<0.001

Sex (male sex)

421 (58.4%)

813 (47.6%)

621 (32.3%)

<0.001

Income quartile (low/mid-low/mid-high/high)

38.5%/29.5%/19.5%/12.5%

47.4%/26.6%/14.5%/11.6%

60.7%/22.2%/9.6%/7.4%

<0.001

Level of education (1st/2nd/3rd/4th)

47.6%/13.7%/22.9%/15.8%

61.0%/14.2%/16.6%/8.2%

77.6%/9.9%/9.6%/2.9%

<0.001

Smoking

48 (7.0%)

230 (13.8%)

261 (13.7%)

<0.001

Exercise

474 (69.0%)

780 (46.9%)

644 (34.1%)

<0.001

HTN

355 (49.2%)

1038 (60.8%)

1304 (67.8%)

<0.001

HTN treatment

258 (72.7%)

810 (78.0%)

1091 (83.7%)

<0.001

Diabetes

59 (9.6%)

282 (18.9%)

465 (28.9%)

<0.001

Dyslipidemia

168 (29.4%)

734 (51.5%)

951 (60.8%)

<0.001

Stroke

11 (1.5%)

62 (3.6%)

161 (8.4%)

<0.001

MI, angina

18 (2.6%)

113 (6.7%)

210 (11.0%)

<0.001

CKD

16 (2.5%)

138 (8.9%)

311 (18.7%)

<0.001

  1. SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, PP: pulse pressure, BMI: body mass index, Hb: hemoglobin, GFR: glomerular filtration rate, HTN: hypertension, MI: myocardial infarction, CKD: chronic kidney disease.
  2. Income quartile: household income/month, Low: household income/month < 650 US dollars, Mid-low: 650 US dollars ≤ household income/month < 1300 US dollars, Mid-high: 1300 US dollars ≤ household income/month < 2100 US dollars, High: household income/month ≥ 2100 US dollars.
  3. Level of education: 1st: elementary school or lower, 2nd: middle school, 3rd: high school, 4th: college or higher.
  4. Dyslipidemia: either hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-cholesterolemia, or a combination. (Hypercholesterolemia: 12 h-fasting total cholesterol ≥ 6.22 mmol/L (240 mg/dL) or taking hypercholesterolemia medications, Hypertriglyceridemia: 12 h-fasting triglyceride ≥ 2.27 mmol/L (200 mg/dL), Low HDL-cholesterolemia: 12 h-fasting HDL-cholesterol < 1.04 mmol/L (40 mg/dL)).
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