Figure 8

(a) Excerpt of high-resolution (3 cm) 3D mapping data^30,44 for Jenolan Caves. This 2D image shows the details of passage connection from Grand Arch (left corner) through Chifley and Imperial Caves. Cut-away shows internal detail of 3D digital model, illustrating the complex volumetric and surface area relationships used to calculate air – cave surface interaction for bi-directional convective flow paths. Blue circle positions Lower Katies Bower. (b) Physical 3D printed model of Lower Katies Bower produced from high-resolution 3D mapping data^30,44. Figure 1 schematically illustrates the thermal stratification in Lower Katies Bower under different convective air-flow regimes causing changes in air residence time.