Table 2 Sampling location details in Penang Island.
No. | Location | River name | Tidal influence | Elevation (m) | Depth (m) | Salinity (‰) | Water temperature (°C) | Habitat characteristics |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Teluk Bahang | Teluk Bahang | tidal | 2–10 | 0.1–1.8 | 27.8 | 27.5–28.5 | moderate flowing water, concrete structure |
(downstream) | Â | Â | Â | Â | (high tide) | Â | lining in the stream banks | |
05°27′ 27. N, 100°12′ 30. E |  |  |  |  | 0.04–1.93 |  |  | |
| Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | (low tide) | Â | Â | |
2 | Batu Ferringhi | Batu Feringhi | tidal | 2–8 | 0.1–0.5 | 0.06–0.09 | 26.1–26.7 | moderate flowing water, concrete structure |
(downstream) | Â | Â | Â | Â | (low tide) | Â | lining in the stream banks and small drain | |
05°28' 00. N, 100°14′ 30. E |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
3 | Kuala Sungai Pinang | Pinang | tidal | 4–11 | 0.5–1.5 | 0.25–0.31 | 26.7–29.9 | control by irrigation gate, |
(downstream) | Â | Â | Â | Â | (inside gate) | Â | plantation area along the river | |
05°23′ 14. N, 100°11′ 44. E |  |  |  |  | 28.89 |  |  | |
4 | Kampung Sungai Pinang | Pinang | no tidal | 36–38 | 0.2–2 | 0.01 | 27.0 | fast flowing water, bedrock and coarse sand |
(midstream) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | in shallow and small stream | |
05°24′06. N, 100°13′09. E |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
5 | Titi Kerawang Waterfall | Pinang | no tidal | 174–217 | 0.2–2.5 | 0.01 | 23.6–24.2 | fast flowing water, bedrock and coarse sand |
(upstream) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
05°24′12. N, 100°13′21. E |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
6 | Kampung Sungai Rusa | Rusa | no tidal | 9–13 | 0.2–0.5 | 0.02 | 27.7 | moderate flowing water, |
(midstream) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | small rocks in the shallow stream | |
05°23′10. N, 100°12′45. E |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
7 | Air Putih | Air Putih | no tidal | 14–15 | 0.5–1.5 | 0.02 | 26.3 | fast flowing water, small stream with |
(midstream) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | bedrock and coarse sand, | |
05° 21′ 44 N, 100° 13′ 13. E |  |  |  |  |  |  | concrete structure along the river | |
8 | Bandar Baru Air Putih | Air Putih | no tidal | 14–15 | 0.2–1 | 0.01 | 26.8 | fast flowing water, small stream with |
(upstream) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | bedrock and coarse sand, | |
05°22′08. N, 100°13′25. E |  |  |  |  |  |  | concrete structure along the river | |
9 | Titi Teras | Titi Teras | no tidal | 19–23 | 0.5–2 | 0.02 | 26.5 | moderate flowing water, |
(midstream) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | concrete structure along the river | |
05°21′37. N, 100° 13′19. E |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
10 | Titi Serong | Titi Teras | no tidal | 50–75 | 0.2–0.5 | 0.02 | 25.8 | fast flowing water, bedrock and coarse sand, |
(upstream) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | small stream | |
05°21′54. N, 100°14′43 E |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
11 | Pondok Upeh | Pondok Upeh | no tidal | 13–15 | 0.1–0.5 | 0.03 | 28 | moderate flowing water, mall stream with |
(midstream) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | bedrock and coarse sand in shallow water | |
05°20′57. N, 100°14′11. E |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
12 | Pulau Betung | Pulau Betung | tidal | 5–10 | 0.5–1 | 0.15 | 30.2 | moderate flowing water, mangrove forest |
(midstream) | Â | Â | Â | Â | (low tide) | Â | Â | |
05°21′07. N, 100°12′33. E |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
13 | Bayan Lepas | Bayan Lepas | no tidal | 12–14 | 0.5–1 | 0.03 | 26.9 | Moderate flowing water, small stream with |
(midstream) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | bedrock and coarse sand in shallow water | |
05°19′27. N, 100°16′01. E |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |