Table 2 Pairwise comparisons of habitually barefoot/shod children by age in stages of development.

From: Growing-up (habitually) barefoot influences the development of foot and arch morphology in children and adolescents

Estimated marginal difference of habitually barefoot vs. habitually shod

Foot length [cm]

Foot width [cm]

Static arch height index

Pliability Ratio

Dynamic arch index

Hallux angle [°]

6 to <10 years

Difference

āˆ’0.58

āˆ’0.20

āˆ’0.03

0.01

āˆ’0.00

āˆ’1.43

(95%-CI)

(āˆ’0.99,āˆ’0.16)

(āˆ’0.35,āˆ’0.05)

(āˆ’0.03,āˆ’0.02)

(0.01,0.02)

(āˆ’0.02,0.02)

(āˆ’2.86,0.01)

p

0.006

0.010

<0.001

<0.001

0.822

0.052

10 to <14 years

Difference

āˆ’0.04

āˆ’0.00

āˆ’0.02

0.01

0.03

āˆ’1.22

(95%-CI)

(āˆ’0.38,0.29)

(āˆ’0.12,0.12)

(āˆ’0.03,āˆ’0.02)

(0.00,0.01)

(0.02,0.04)

(āˆ’2.37,āˆ’0.06)

p

0.802

0.978

<0.001

0.025

<0.001

0.039

14 to 18 years

Difference

āˆ’0.63

0.00

āˆ’0.02

0.01

0.00

āˆ’1.16

(95%-CI)

(āˆ’0.97,āˆ’0.28)

(āˆ’0.13,0.13)

(āˆ’0.03,āˆ’0.02)

(0.00,0.01)

(āˆ’0.01,0.02)

(āˆ’2.36,0.04)

p

<0.001

0.981

<0.001

0.014

0.696

0.059

Main hypotheses α(adj)  =  0.008

pinteraction

0.028

0.081

0.310

0.329

0.004

0.959

Hierarchical hypotheses α  =  0.05

pbarefoot vs. shod §

(0.001)

0.204

<0.001

<0.001

(0.010)

0.001

  1. §In parentheses p-value of group-effect modeled without significant interaction.