Figure 1

ATRA-induced differentiation increases sensitivity to H2O2, favoring the onset of apoptosis. (a and b) Cell differentiation is checked by RT-PCR analysis of MAP2 and NeuroD1. Statistical analysis: n = 3, *p < 0.05 vs undiff. (c and d) The number of viable cells have been analyzed by using Trypan blue dye after 24 h exposure to H2O2 and expressed as a percentage of viable cells. Statistical analysis: n = 4, *p < 0.05 and #p < 0.01 vs control cells. (e) Positivity to Annexin V-FITC (green staining) of 4d-ATRA differentiated cells has been checked as a marker of early apoptosis after 24 h treatment with 500 µM H2O2 and appears as a spotted green membrane fluorescence. Treatment with 100 nM staurosporin has been used as positive control. Nuclei are counterstained by To-Pro3 iodide as detailed in Materials and Methods. Scale bar = 20 µm.