Table 2 Statistical anomalies in surface downward longwave radiation (LWD), skin temperature (SKT), precipitable water vapor (WV), WV radiative forcing (F_wv), cloud fraction (CFC), cloud radiative forcing (CRF) and onset SIC for LOIYs.

Time Period	Variables	LOIYs Anomaly	Confidence level (%)
Winter (Dec – Feb)	LWD	2.94 W m⁻²	98.04
	SKT	0.80 K	97.68
	WV	0.13 mm	97.31
	F_wv	2.18 W m⁻²	97.31
	CFC	1.25%	93.82
	CRF	0.50 W m ⁻²	92.90
Spring (Mar – May)	LWD	3.50 W m⁻²	98.49
	SKT	0.84 K	98.74
	WV	0.20 mm	99.12
	F_wv	2.28 W m⁻²	99.12
	CFC	1.50%	95.64
	CRF	1.13 W m ⁻²	98.03
Wintertime (Dec – May)	LWD	3.22 W m⁻²	99.74
	SKT	0.82 K	98.87
	WV	0.17 mm	99.52
	F_wv	2.23 W m⁻²	99.52
	CFC	1.22%	97.04
	CRF	0.81 W m ⁻²	97.91
Melting onset (May 16 – June 05)	SIC	−2.28%	99.97

The confidence level for each variable is based on a Monte Carlo approach with 10,000 iterations, similar to a previous study by²³. Values marked with underline are the statistical anomalies from 2001 to 2014.

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