Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics according to BMI z-score trajectories.

From: Body mass index trajectories in the first two years and subsequent childhood cardio-metabolic outcomes: a prospective multi-ethnic Asian cohort study

 

All trajectories n = 1170

Stable low BMIz n = 155

Normal BMIz n = 857

Stable high BMIz n = 100

Rapid BMIz gain after 3 months n = 58

p valuec

Maternal characteristics

 Age (years)

30.7 ± 5.1a

30.7 ± 5.0

30.6 ± 5.1

30.9 ± 5.3

31.1 ± 5.4

0.92

 Educational attainment

     

0.58

 <12 years

467 (40.5)b

65 (13.9)c

333 (71.3)c

41 (8.8)c

28 (6.0)c

 

 ≥12 years

668 (50.5)

88 (12.8)

511 (74.3)

59 (8.6)

30 (4.3)

 

 Income level per month

     

0.03

 <SGD $2000

165 (15.2)

24 (14.6)

121 (73.3)

8 (4.8)

12 (7.3)

 

 SGD $2000–5999

608 (55.6)

89 (14.6)

429 (70.6)

54 (8.9)

36 (5.9)

 

 ≥SGD $6000

320 (29.2)

34 (10.6)

249 (77.8)

29 (9.1)

8 (2.5)

 

 Parity

     

0.08

 Primiparous

534 (45.6)

61 (11.4)

409 (76.6)

37 (6.9)

27 (5.1)

 

 Multiparous

636 (54.4)

94 (14.8)

448 (70.4)

63 (9.9)

31 (4.9)

 

Pre-pregnancy BMI d (kg/m 2 )

22.7 ± 4.4

22.2 ± 4.2

22.6 ± 4.3

24.1 ± 4.4

25.1 ± 5.6

<0.001

 Height (cm)

158.3 ± 5.6

157.0 ± 5.3

158.4 ± 5.7

159.1 ± 5.4

157.7 ± 5.6

0.01

 GWG d z-score

−1.01 ± 1.08

−1.29 ± 1.23

−1.00 ± 1.06

−0.73 ± 0.98

−0.95 ± 0.99

<0.001

 Gestational diabetes

     

0.22

 No

877 (81.1)

110 (12.5)

654 (74.6)

74 (8.4)

39 (4.4)

 

 Yes

204 (18.9)

34 (16.7)

138 (67.7)

18 (8.8)

14 (6.9)

 

Gestational age at delivery

     

0.008

 Term

1081 (92.3)

133 (12.3)

803 (74.3)

94 (8.7)

51 (4.7)

 

 Pre-term

89 (7.7)

22 (24.7)

54 (60.7)

6 (6.7)

7 (7.8)

 

Child characteristics

     

<0.001

Sex

 Male

619 (52.9)

72 (13.1)

431 (78.2)

74 (11.9)

36 (5.8)

 

 Female

551 (47.1)

83 (13.4)

426 (68.8)

26 (4.7)

22 (4.0)

 

Ethnicity

     

<0.001

 Chinese

660 (56.4)

78 (11.8)

514 (77.9)

57 (8.6)

11 (1.7)

 

 Malay

298 (25.5)

27 (9.1)

213 (71.5)

35 (11.7)

23 (7.7)

 

 Indian

212 (18.1)

50 (23.6)

130 (61.3)

8 (3.8)

24 (11.3)

 

Breastfeeding type

     

0.03

 Low

461 (44.8)

71 (15.4)

321 (69.6)

34 (7.4)

35 (7.6)

 

 Intermediate

446 (43.4)

56 (12.6)

329 (73.8)

49 (10.9)

12 (2.7)

 

 High

122 (11.8)

15 (12.3)

90 (73.8)

10 (8.2)

7 (5.7)

 
  1. aMean ±SD. bn (%); indicates column percentages. cn (%); indicates row percentages. cBased on one-way ANOVA (for continuous variables) or chi-square test (for categorical variables). dAbbreviations: BMI = body mass index; GWG = gestational weight gain.
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