Figure 3

Vascular hysteresis loops and VAM biomarker maps for a 54-year-old male patient suffering from a recurrent glioblastoma before AAT onset (baseline, bl), at early 2-week follow-up (“fu 2wk”), and at 3-month follow-up (“fu 3mo”). (a) Conventional MRI (cMRI) included contrast-enhanced T1-weighted (CE T1w), FLAIR, GE-EPI DSC perfusion evaluated as maps of cerebral blood flow (CBV), and DWI evaluated as apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), respectively. (b) VHLs, i.e. the \({{\rm{\Delta }}{\rm{R}}}_{2,\text{GE}}\) (y-axis) versus \({{\rm{\Delta }}{\rm{R}}}_{2,\text{SE}}^{3/2}\) (x-axis) diagrams, for a voxel position in the responding (blue-framed VHLs), non-responding (magenta), partial responding tumor with relapse (cyan), and for edema in the vicinity of the non-responding tumor (black). The voxel positions are marked with squares in the CE T1w and FLAIR images in (a) and have the same color as the frames of the VHLs. The arrows indicate the rotational direction of the VHLs. (c) The maps of the microvessel type indicator (MTI), the upper limit for microvessel density (N_U) and radius (R_U) adapted to the temporal shift phenomenon, and the curvature (Curv) of the VHL (top-down). The color codes are depicted at the right image margins.