Figure 2
From: Himalayan glaciers experienced significant mass loss during later phases of little ice age
Reconstructed specific mass balance for the Himalayan glaciers. (a) UK glaciers. (b) J&K glaciers. (c) HP glaciers. Gray shaded regions highlight the years with positive mass balance and the lowest TSI during the LIA. Violet ellipses within the gray shading highlight a few of the most negative mass balances during the lower solar activity in the LIA, probably due to an enhanced El Niño affecting ISM, as is evident in the latter years with high Niño 4 index (black ellipses). Purple arrows signify the direct relationship between high TSI and more negative mass balances during the LIA. Green ellipses show positive mass balances in the post LIA years with low TSI and negative Niño 4 index. Blue ellipses highlight the increased coincidences of El Niño with extremely high TSI since the 1970s. The reconstructed mean spring temperature departure time-series is taken from Yadav and Singh37, the TSI time-series is obtained from http://spot.colorado.edu/~koppg/TSI/TSI_TIM_Reconstruction.txt, and the Niño 4 index is derived from http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/gcos_wgsp/Timeseries/Nino4/ ref. 38.
