Table 2 Univariate results for objective spinal stiffness - Study 1a.

From: Feeling stiffness in the back: a protective perceptual inference in chronic back pain

Factor

Test statistic

p-value

Effect size

AvgStiff at 60 N - Univariate results of repeated measures MANOVA

Group

F1,28 = 0.60

0.44

partial η2 = 0.021

Time

F1,28 = 0.34

0.56

partial η2 = 0.012

Group x Time

F1,28 = 0.019

0.89

partial η2 = 0.001

TermStiff at 60 N - Univariate results of repeated measures MANOVA

Group

F1,28 = 0.53

0.47

partial η2 = 0.019

Time

F1,28 = 1.86

0.18

partial η2 = 0.062

Group x Time

F1,28 = 1.16

0.21

partial η2 = 0.055

Stiffness at 55 N - Univariate results of MANOVA

AvgStiff: Group

t2,28 = −0.082

0.94

d = 0.029

TermStiff: Group

t2,28 = 1.67

0.11

d = 0.61

Stiffness at 70 N – Univariate results of MANOVA

AvgStiff: Group

t2,28 = 0.18

0.86

d = 0.062

TermStiff: Group

t2,28 = 1.03

0.31

d = 0.38

  1. AvgStiff = average stiffness (objective measure); TermStiff = terminal stiffness (objective measure). Group = chronic low back pain and stiffness versus healthy controls; Time: first and last indentation at 60 N (unable to assess the effect of ‘time’ for 55 N and 70 N because very few participants received these force values twice).