Figure 1
Effects of delphinidin on proliferation, cell cycle progression and ERK1/2 pathway activation of T lymphocytes from healthy subjects. Histograms show the percentage of proliferation of cells exposed to T cell activators [10 µg/mL anti-CD3 plus 5 µg/mL anti-CD28, 5 µg/mL PHA or 10 ng/mL PMA plus 1 µM ionomycin (Ion)] in absence or in presence of 10−2 g/L of delphinidin (Del) for 24 h (A) or 48 h (B). Data are the mean ± SEM (n = 5–10). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001. (C) Representative cytometric profiles showing cells in the G0/G1, S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle after 48 h of treatment with either 10−2 g/L of Del, 5 µg/mL PHA or both. (D) Histograms show the percentage of the cells in the G0/G1, S and G2/M phases determined by flow cytometric analysis. Data are the mean ± SEM (n = 12). **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 versus control group. # P < 0.05 versus PHA group. (E) Representative histograms of flow cytometry showing sub-G1 peak, corresponding to the apoptotic population in propidium iodide (PI)-stained cells. (F) Quantification of sub-G1 peak. (G) Histograms show the percentage of proliferation of cells exposed to either 10−2 g/L of delphinidin (Del), 5 µg/mL PHA or both in presence or in absence of 10 µM of specific inhibitor of ERK1/2 pathway (U0126) for 48 h. (H) Western blot of phosphorylated ERK1/2 in cells exposed to either 10−2 g/L of delphinidin (Del), 5 µg/mL PHA or both during 24 h. Histograms show densitometric analysis of phosphorylated ERK1/2 normalized to total ERK1/2 expression. Data represent the mean ± SEM (n = 4–8). *P < 0.05 and ***P < 0.001.
