Figure 1

Atlantic sea surface temperature indices and reference field. (a) AMO indices following Trenberth and Shea¹⁹ (black) and Enfield et al.¹¹ (grey dashed). For the Trenberth and Shea definition, the 60°S–60°N SSTs are subtracted from the North Atlantic SSTs. For the Enfield defintion, the North Atlantic SSTs (0–70°N) are simply detrended. (b) The trend that was removed from the North Atlantic SST averages to construct the AMO¹¹, and the 60°S–60°N SST that was removed from the 0–60°N, 80–0°W SST¹⁹.