Table 1 Characteristics of the training set and validation set.

Age (years), n (%)

0.008

0.927

  <60

815 (53.4)

544 (53.5)

271 (53.2)

  ≥60

711 (46.6)

473 (46.5)

238 (46.8)

Gender, n (%)

0.027

0.870

  Male

973 (63.8)

647 (63.6)

326 (64.0)

  Female

553 (36.2)

370 (36.4)

183 (36.0)

Smoking, n (%)

0.500

0.480

  Yes

733 (48.0)

482 (47.4)

251 (49.3)

  No

793 (52.0)

535 (52.6)

258 (50.7)

Alcohol, n (%)

0.002

0.964

  Yes

212 (13.9)

141 (13.9)

71 (14.0)

  No

1,314 (86.1)

876 (86.1)

438 (86.0)

Tumor stage, n (%)

1.376

0.241

  III

595 (39.0)

386 (38.0)

209 (41.1)

  IV

931 (61.0)

631 (62.0)

300 (58.9)

Tumor site, n (%)

1.256

0.262

  Head and neck

644 (42.2)

419 (41.2)

225 (44.2)

  Body and tail

882 (57.8)

598 (58.8)

284 (55.8)

Tumor size (cm)

−0.362

0.717

  Median

5.9

5.9

5.9

  Range

0.8-15.0

1.6–15.0

0.8–12.0

ALT, n (%)

1.519

0.218

  Normal

1,301 (85.3)

859 (84.5)

442 (86.8)

  Elevated

225 (14.7)

158 (15.5)

67 (13.2)

AST, n (%)

0.085

0.770

  Normal

1,353 (88.7)

900 (88.5)

453 (89.0)

  Elevated

173 (11.3)

117 (11.5)

56 (11.0)

ALB, n (%)

0.289

0.591

  Normal

1,226 (80.3)

821 (80.7)

405 (79.6)

  Low

300 (19.7)

196 (19.3)

104 (20.4)

CA 19–9, n (%)

0.551

0.458

  Normal

325 (21.3)

211 (20.7)

114 (22.4)

  Elevated

1,201 (78.7)

806 (79.3)

395 (77.6)

HBV infection status, n (%)

2.632

0.452

  Non infection

833 (54.6)

543 (53.4)

290 (57.0)

  Inactive HBV carrier

83 (5.4)

56 (5.5)

27 (5.3)

  Resolved HBV infection

549 (36.0)

373 (36.7)

176 (34.6)

  Chronic HBV infection

61 (4.0)

45 (4.4)

16 (3.1)

Center, n (%)

3.654

0.161

  Shanghai Cancer Center

833 (54.6)

539 (53.0)

294 (57.8)

  Changhai Hospital

486 (31.8)

331 (32.5)

155 (30.4)

  Ruijin Hospital

207 (13.6)

147 (14.5)

60 (11.8)