Figure 4

Relationship between primary consumer (phytophagous) abundance and secondary consumer (parasitoids and predators) abundance. The solid line represents their relationship under light grazing (LG, R2 = 0.681, P = 0.006), the dashed line represents their relationship under moderate grazing (MG, R2 = 0.723, P = 0.004), the dashed dotted line represents their relationship under heavy grazing (HG, R2 = 0.543, P = 0.023), and the dotted line represents their relationship under over grazing (OG, R2 = 0.577, P = 0.018). Each data point represents the value in one plot for each grazing intensity across the three experimental years (2014 to 2016).