Table 2 Fecal microbiota at 0, 8 and 16 weeks in diabetic patients with and without probiotic administration.
From: Probiotic reduces bacterial translocation in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomised controlled study
| Â | 0 weeks | 8 weeks | 16 weeks | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Probiotic | Control | Probiotic | Control | Probiotic | |||||||
Total bacteria | 10.2 ± 0.6 | (100.0) | 10.3 ± 0.6 | (100.0) | 10.2 ± 0.5 | (100.0) | 10.3 ± 0.5 | (100.0) | 10.2 ± 0.6 | (100.0) | 10.4 ± 0.4 | (100.0) |
Obligate anaerobes | ||||||||||||
C. coccoides group | 9.4 ± 0.7 | (100.0) | 9.5 ± 0.8 | (100.0) | 9.3 ± 0.6 | (100.0) | 9.6 ± 0.5 | (100.0) | 9.5 ± 0.6 | (97.1) | 9.8 ± 0.4* | (100.0) |
C. leptum subgroup | 9.5 ± 0.8 | (100.0) | 9.6 ± 0.7 | (100.0) | 9.4 ± 0.8 | (100.0) | 9.5 ± 0.7 | (100.0) | 9.4 ± 0.8 | (100.0) | 9.8 ± 0.5* | (100.0) |
Bacteroides fragilis group | 8.7 ± 0.7 | (100.0) | 8.8 ± 0.8 | (100.0) | 8.6 ± 0.6 | (94.1) | 8.6 ± 0.7 | (100.0) | 8.6 ± 0.6 | (97.1) | 8.8 ± 0.7 | (100.0) |
Bifidobacterium | 8.7 ± 1.0 | (97.1) | 8.9 ± 1.3 | (100.0) | 8.9 ± 1.1 | (97.1) | 8.8 ± 1.2 | (100.0) | 9.0 ± 1.1$ | (100.0) | 9.0 ± 1.0 | (97.1) |
Atopobium cluster | 9.2 ± 0.9 | (100.0) | 9.3 ± 0.6 | (100.0) | 9.3 ± 0.8 | (97.1) | 9.4 ± 0.5 | (100.0) | 9.4 ± 0.8$ | (97.1) | 9.5 ± 0.6 | (100.0) |
Prevotella | 8.7 ± 1.2 | (47.1) | 7.7 ± 1.5 | (64.7) | 8.2 ± 1.7 | (55.9) | 8.2 ± 1.4 | (61.8) | 8.3 ± 1.6$ | (64.7) | 8.0 ± 1.6 | (70.6) |
Akkermansia muciniphila | 7.4 ± 1.1 | (64.7) | 7.4 ± 1.6 | (64.7) | 7.6 ± 1.4 | (61.8) | 7.3 ± 1.5 | (64.7) | 7.5 ± 1.2 | (67.6) | 7.9 ± 1.6 | (61.8) |
C. difficle | 4.7 ± 1.8 | (8.8) | <2.3 | (0.0) | 3.9 ± 1.0 | (11.8) | 4.3 ± 1.3 | (11.8) | 3.6 ± 0.6 | (17.6) | 3.7 ± 1.2 | (14.7) |
C. perfringens | 4.8 ± 1.2 | (26.5) | 5.2 ± 1.8 | (35.3) | 4.7 ± 2.0 | (32.4) | 5.4 ± 1.8 | (26.5) | 4.6 ± 1.4 | (41.2) | 4.6 ± 1.1 | (26.5) |
Facultative anaerobes | ||||||||||||
Total Lactobacillus | 6.2 ± 1.5 | (100.0) | 5.7 ± 1.2 | (100.0) | 6.2 ± 1.6 | (100.0) | 7.6 ± 0.6**$$ | (100.0) | 6.7 ± 1.4$ | (100.0) | 7.7 ± 0.6**$$ | (100.0) |
L. gasseri subgroup | 5.8 ± 1.6 | (76.5) | 5.1 ± 1.2 | (85.3) | 5.6 ± 1.7 | (85.3) | 5.5 ± 1.1$ | (82.4) | 5.8 ± 1.4 | (88.2) | 5.6 ± 1.1$ | (79.4) |
L. brevis | 4.8 ± 1.5 | (38.2) | 4.0 ± 0.6 | (23.5) | 3.8 ± 0.9 | (29.4) | 3.7 ± 1.0 | (38.2) | 4.3 ± 1.4 | (38.2) | 4.2 ± 1.1 | (29.4) |
L. casei subgroup | 5.0 ± 1.2 | (41.2) | 4.9 ± 1.1 | (29.4) | 4.6 ± 0.7 | (38.2) | 7.4 ± 0.7** $$ | (100.0)** | 5.0 ± 1.3 | (38.2) | 7.4 ± 0.8**$$ | (100.0)** |
L. fermentum | 5.9 ± 1.1 | (29.4) | 6.0 ± 1.2 | (35.3) | 6.4 ± 1.3 | (32.4) | 5.6 ± 1.1 | (38.2) | 6.7 ± 1.1$ | (41.2) | 6.1 ± 1.1 | (38.2) |
L. fructivorans | 4.5 ± 1.0 | (14.7) | 3.3 ± 1.3 | (8.8) | 3.3 ± 0.3 | (5.9) | 3.5 ± 0.8 | (8.8) | <2.3 | (0.0) | 4.9 | (2.9) |
L. plantarum subgroup | 4.7 ± 1.6 | (76.5) | 4.4 ± 1.0 | (88.2) | 4.2 ± 1.2 | (79.4) | 4.3 ± 1.0 | (85.3) | 4.5 ± 1.3 | (70.6) | 4.3 ± 1.0 | (85.3) |
L. reuteri subgroup | 5.2 ± 1.5 | (61.8) | 4.8 ± 1.0 | (76.5) | 5.5 ± 1.3 | (67.6) | 4.9 ± 1.2 | (79.4) | 5.5 ± 1.5 | (70.6) | 5.3 ± 1.0$ | (76.5) |
L. ruminis subgroup | 4.9 ± 1.6 | (61.8) | 5.0 ± 1.7 | (50.0) | 5.7 ± 1.8 | (52.9) | 5.3 ± 1.5 | (61.8) | 5.1 ± 1.9 | (61.8) | 4.9 ± 2.0 | (67.6) |
L. sakei subgroup | 4.6 ± 1.7 | (38.2) | 4.2 ± 0.8 | (23.5) | 4.8 ± 1.3 | (44.1) | 5.1 ± 1.2 | (32.4) | 5.4 ± 1.7 | (47.1) | 4.5 ± 1.8 | (29.4) |
Enterobacteriaceae | 7.1 ± 1.3 | (91.2) | 7.1 ± 1.2 | (97.1) | 6.9 ± 0.9$ | (85.3) | 7.0 ± 1.2 | (91.2 | 6.9 ± 1.0 | (73.5) | 7.0 ± 0.9 | (85.3) |
Enterococcus | 6.3 ± 1.3 | (88.2) | 6.0 ± 1.3 | (85.3) | 6.2 ± 1.0 | (82.4) | 6.2 ± 1.2 | (82.4) | 6.0 ± 1.3 | (82.4) | 6.5 ± 1.2$ | (76.5) |
Streptococcus | 8.4 ± 1.1 | (100.0) | 8.5 ± 0.8 | (100.0) | 8.4 ± 0.9 | (97.1) | 8.3 ± 0.6 | (100.0) | 8.4 ± 1.3 | (97.1) | 8.5 ± 0.8 | (100.0) |
Staphylococcus | 4.7 ± 1.0 | (85.3) | 4.7 ± 0.8 | (91.2) | 4.4 ± 0.8$ | (91.2) | 4.4 ± 0.8 | (94.1) | 4.5 ± 0.9 | (73.5) | 4.4 ± 0.7 | (91.2) |
Aerobes | ||||||||||||
Pseudomonas | 4.7 ± 1.9 | (17.6) | 3.7 ± 0.8 | (23.5) | 4.2 ± 0.8 | (23.5) | 4.5 ± 0.7 | (23.5) | 3.9 ± 1.0 | (26.5) | 4.6 ± 0.7 | (26.5) |
Administration of L. casei strain Shirota | <5.0 | (0.0) | 5.8 | (2.9) | <5.0 | (0.0) | 7.3 ± 0.8 | (97.1)** | 6.4 | (2.9) | 7.2 ± 0.8 | (91.2)** |
