Figure 1
From: Associative visual learning by tethered bees in a controlled visual environment
Experimental setups: the mini Y-maze (a) and the spherical treadmill (b–d). (a) Top view of the mini Y-maze. Arms were 5 cm in length and 3 × 3 cm in section. Bees walked inside the maze to collect sucrose solution. Stimuli were projected by the video projector onto paper screens placed at the ends of the maze arms. (b) A bee tethered by the thorax by means of a vertical attachment (1) made of a wooden toothpick and an L-shaped metal piece glued to the thorax. The toothpick was held by a micromanipulator, which allowed adjusting the position of the bee on the treadmill (© Cyril Frésillon/CNRS). (c) The bee held by the micromanipulator (1) walked stationary on the treadmill. The setup was composed of a polystyrene ball (2) floating on a constant airflow (3). Two optic-mouse sensors (4) were placed on the ball support, at 90° of each other to record the ball movements. The setup translates the movements of the walking bee into rotations of the ball (© Cyril Frésillon/CNRS). (d) Top view of the treadmill (1) placed behind a semi cylindrical paper screen (2) onto which visual stimuli were projected. A set of mirrors (3) was placed between the video projector (4) and the screen to allow projecting the stimuli on the lateral parts of the semicircular screen without deforming their shapes (© Cyril Frésillon/CNRS).
