Figure 3
From: Associative visual learning by tethered bees in a controlled visual environment
Visual learning of freely moving bees at the miniature maze [Experiment 1]. Left panels: Choice performance (percentage of bees choosing a given stimulus or not making a choice +95% confidence interval, based on the first choice made by the bees upon maze entrance) during the pre-test (a) and the post-test (b) at the mini Y-maze (n = 21). (a) Bars show the percentage of bees choosing spontaneously the blue square (blue bar), the green disc (green bar) or not choosing any stimulus (grey bar) during the pre-test. (b) Bars show the percentage of bees choosing the CS+ (red bar), the CS− (black bar) or not choosing (grey bar) after conditioning. Perfect learning was attained after conditioning as all bees chose the CS+ in the post-test. Different lower-case letters above bars indicate significant differences within each panel (p < 0.05). Middle panels: Time spent (median, quartiles and outliers) in each arm of the maze in the pre-test (white boxplot) and in the post-test (grey boxplot) during the 30 s of stimulus presentation. (c) Time spent in the CS+ arm. (d) Time spent in the CS− arm. Following conditioning, bees increased the time spent in the CS+ arm and concomitantly decreased the time spent in the CS− arm. **p < 0.001 ***p < 0.0001. Right Panel (e) : Acquisition performance (percentage of learners choosing the CS+, red curve, and the CS−, black curve; first choices) during the 12 conditioning trials (6 for each CS alternative) in the mini Y-maze. Bees (n = 21) decreased CS− responses while keeping CS+ responses high. Discrimination was significant. The 95% confidence interval is shown for each curve (dashed lines; in pink for the CS+ curve, and in grey for the CS− curve). *p < 0.05.
