Table 2 Concentration of humoral factors.

From: Potential humoral mediators of remote ischemic preconditioning in patients undergoing surgical coronary revascularization

parameter	protocol	original data				parameter	protocol	data normalized to baseline
parameter	protocol	baseline	after placebo/RIPC	before ischemic cardioplegic arrest	after ischemic cardioplegic arrest	parameter	protocol	after placebo/RIPC	before ischemic cardioplegic arrest	after ischemic cardioplegic arrest
Apo-A1 [ng/mL]	RIPC	408 ± 36	365 ± 42	364 ± 36	251 ± 32*^,#	Apo-A1 [%]	RIPC	106 ± 23	108 ± 18	68 ± 9*^,#
Apo-A1 [ng/mL]	placebo	351 ± 35	337 ± 57	292 ± 35	164 ± 21*^,#	Apo-A1 [%]	placebo	115 ± 23	94 ± 12	55 ± 10*^,#
EPO [pg/mL]	RIPC	22 ± 2	22 ± 2	20 ± 2	22 ± 3	EPO [%]	RIPC	134 ± 35	105 ± 26	103 ± 19
EPO [pg/mL]	placebo	28±3	26 ± 3	22 ± 3	21 ± 3	EPO [%]	placebo	100 ± 15	84 ± 11	77 ± 9
GDF-11 [fg/mL]	RIPC	6836 ± 1544	5678 ± 1031	6104 ± 1174	15244 ± 2244*^,#	GDF-11 [%]	RIPC	99 ± 17	106 ± 17	275 ± 54*^,#
GDF-11 [fg/mL]	placebo	5314 ± 633	5960 ± 771	6329 ± 852	9764 ± 1303*^,#,+	GDF-11 [%]	placebo	126 ± 19	142 ± 22	219 ± 34*^,#
GHRH [fg/mL]	RIPC	1694 ± 56	1636 ± 52	1656 ± 48	1621 ± 59	GHRH [%]	RIPC	99 ± 4	100 ± 4	98 ± 4
GHRH [fg/mL]	placebo	1538 ± 55	1664 ± 59	1699 ± 54	1636 ± 48	GHRH [%]	placebo	109 ± 2⁺	113 ± 4*^,+	109 ± 4*^,+
GHRP [fg/mL]	RIPC	998 ± 189	1008 ± 208	1220 ± 236	1096 ± 187	GHRP [%]	RIPC	275 ± 180	338 ± 187	123 ± 18
GHRP [fg/mL]	placebo	1211 ± 263	1147 ± 240	1120 ± 236	1117 ± 145	GHRP [%]	placebo	120 ± 16	137 ± 18	225 ± 37
GLP-1 [pg/mL]	RIPC	1.5 ± 0.2	1.4 ± 0.2	1.5 ± 0.2	2.2 ± 0.2*^,#	GLP-1 [%]	RIPC	93 ± 3	103 ± 7	173 ± 17*^,#
GLP-1 [pg/mL]	placebo	1.5 ± 0.2	1.5 ± 0.2	1.6 ± 0.2	2.4 ± 0.2*^,#	GLP-1 [%]	placebo	107 ± 8	122 ± 16	201 ± 29*^,#
GH [pg/mL]	RIPC	830 ± 146	323 ± 85*	221 ± 44*	882 ± 158^#	GH [%]	RIPC	60 ± 19	153 ± 99	500 ± 327*
GH [pg/mL]	placebo	510 ± 125	401 ± 124	320 ± 93	1059 ± 270*^,#	GH [%]	placebo	127 ± 33	305 ± 116	820 ± 221*^,#
HIF-1α [fg/mL]	RIPC	18 ± 2	16 ± 3	17 ± 2	17 ± 2	HIF-1α [%]	RIPC	101 ± 20	102 ± 12	101 ± 10
HIF-1α [fg/mL]	placebo	19 ± 3	21 ± 5	20 ± 5	22 ± 6	HIF-1α [%]	placebo	133 ± 17	130 ± 18	159 ± 33
IL-1α [pg/mL]	RIPC	12 ± 2	20 ± 2	16 ± 2	25 ± 6*^,#	IL-1α [%]	RIPC	280 ± 56*	235 ± 96*	298 ± 71*
IL-1α [pg/mL]	placebo	18 ± 3	18 ± 2	15 ± 3	16 ± 3⁺	IL-1α [%]	placebo	97 ± 15⁺	97 ± 16⁺	135 ± 40⁺
IL-1β [fg/mL]	RIPC	746 ± 220	734 ± 210	881 ± 223	1630 ± 316*^,#	IL-1β [%]	RIPC	220 ± 94	251 ± 75	517 ± 173*^,#
IL-1β [fg/mL]	placebo	631 ± 97	752 ± 100	739 ± 103	1367 ± 222*^,#	IL-1β [%]	placebo	169 ± 28	178 ± 46	337 ± 66*
IL-2 [fg/mL]	RIPC	4936 ± 440	6205 ± 735	5391 ± 601	5908 ± 685	IL-2 [%]	RIPC	143 ± 27	160 ± 44	189 ± 53*
IL-2 [fg/mL]	placebo	7040 ± 1326	7291 ± 1000	5114 ± 458	7351 ± 1098	IL-2 [%]	placebo	132 ± 21	103 ± 14	211 ± 59*^,#
IL-6 [fg/mL]	RIPC	4108 ± 715	4133 ± 664	5498 ± 947	14633 ± 941*^,#	IL-6 [%]	RIPC	105 ± 6	166 ± 23	588 ± 92*^,#
IL-6 [fg/mL]	placebo	6239 ± 882	6169 ± 890	6251 ± 789	16572 ± 1200*^,#	IL-6 [%]	placebo	99 ± 2	129 ± 16	439 ± 85*^,#,+
IL-8 [pg/mL]	RIPC	14 ± 1	14 ± 1	18 ± 3	59 ± 12*^,#	IL-8 [%]	RIPC	100 ± 2	125 ± 22	441 ± 65*^,#
IL-8 [pg/mL]	placebo	16 ± 2	15 ± 2	18 ± 3	49 ± 9*^,#,+	IL-8 [%]	placebo	100 ± 4	122 ± 20	367 ± 42*^,#
IL-10 [fg/mL]	RIPC	3449 ± 826	3943 ± 1034	11320 ± 5458	56674 ± 1921*^,#	IL-10 [%]	RIPC	107 ± 7	324 ± 129	2227 ± 792*^,#
IL-10 [fg/mL]	placebo	2875 ± 419	3096 ± 487	3827 ± 884	57356 ± 1216*^,#	IL-10 [%]	placebo	109 ± 11	146 ± 23	3120 ± 1007*^,#
IL-15 [fg/mL]	RIPC	4380 ± 280	4312 ± 324	3933 ± 258	4832 ± 300^#	IL-15 [%]	RIPC	102 ± 6	93 ± 6	117 ± 9^#
IL-15 [fg/mL]	placebo	5253 ± 690	5633 ± 566	5218 ± 682	6234 ± 613*^,#	IL-15 [%]	placebo	120 ± 14	108 ± 14	134 ± 19*^,#
IL-17 [pg/mL]	RIPC	20 ± 2	28 ± 2	32 ± 4*	35 ± 5*	IL-17 [%]	RIPC	174 ± 24	212 ± 51*	266 ± 69*
IL-17 [pg/mL]	placebo	28 ± 3	29 ± 4	32 ± 7	36 ± 9	IL-17 [%]	placebo	120 ± 18	103 ± 18⁺	143 ± 32⁺
IL-33 [fg/mL]	RIPC	3997 ± 544	5178 ± 525	5983 ± 665	19054 ± 1826*^,#	IL-33 [%]	RIPC	146 ± 15	178 ± 23	615 ± 92*^,#
IL-33 [fg/mL]	placebo	3679 ± 530	5454 ± 675	7059 ± 1587*	21732 ± 1888*^,#	IL-33 [%]	placebo	153 ± 13	190 ± 40	633 ± 72*^,#
leptin [pg/mL]	RIPC	56 ± 9	49 ± 9	43 ± 8	40 ± 1	leptin [%]	RIPC	88 ± 3*	74 ± 3*	67 ± 3*^,#
leptin [pg/mL]	placebo	73 ± 23	65 ± 23	50 ± 11*	48 ± 8*	leptin [%]	placebo	86 ± 3*	77 ± 3*	72 ± 4*
pentraxin-3 [pg/mL]	RIPC	804 ± 137	808 ± 129	1002 ± 1211	3453 ± 281*^,#	pentraxin-3 [%]	RIPC	106 ± 4	160 ± 16	697 ± 104*^,#
pentraxin-3 [pg/mL]	placebo	1061 ± 204	982 ± 160	1240 ± 162	4745 ± 831*^,#,+	pentraxin-3 [%]	placebo	99 ± 5	159 ± 23	928 ± 239*^,#
prolactin [ng/mL]	RIPC	34 ± 3	44 ± 4	52 ± 5*	58 ± 7*	prolactin [%]	RIPC	158 ± 31	208 ± 56*	233 ± 51*
prolactin [ng/mL]	placebo	48 ± 4⁺	60 ± 6⁺	61 ± 7	52 ± 7	prolactin [%]	placebo	138 ± 30	143 ± 35	119 ± 29⁺
RNase-1 [pg/mL]	RIPC	663 ± 150	464 ± 94	728 ± 100	1744 ± 120*^,#	RNase-1 [%]	RIPC	93 ± 10	200 ± 37	405 ± 69*^,#
RNase-1 [pg/mL]	placebo	477 ± 37	460 ± 82	795 ± 94*	1627 ± 241*^,#	RNase-1 [%]	placebo	131 ± 20	244 ± 33*	519 ± 96*^,#
SDF-1α [pg/mL]	RIPC	2270 ± 94	2197 ± 99	2766 ± 126*	2846 ± 98*	SDF-1α [%]	RIPC	97 ± 1	123 ± 4*	127 ± 3*
SDF-1α [pg/mL]	placebo	2382 ± 102	2327 ± 97	2881 ± 105*	2922 ± 120*	SDF-1α [%]	placebo	98 ± 2	124 ± 5*	126 ± 5*
surviving [pg/mL]	RIPC	36 ± 9	46 ± 7	34 ± 3	58 ± 1	surviving [%]	RIPC	227 ± 51	152 ± 25	313 ± 57
surviving [pg/mL]	placebo	45 ± 7	56 ± 9	51 ± 8	90 ± 8*^,#,+	surviving [%]	placebo	151 ± 28	193 ± 56	472 ± 277*^,#
thymosin-β4 [ng/mL]	RIPC	349 ± 29	322 ± 25	285 ± 22	280 ± 31	thymosin-β4 [%]	RIPC	96 ± 4	90 ± 7	99 ± 15
thymosin-β4 [ng/mL]	placebo	364 ± 46	371 ± 39	362 ± 42	316 ± 27	thymosin-β4 [%]	placebo	110 ± 9	109 ± 8	105 ± 11
TNF-α [fg/mL]	RIPC	2973 ± 744	3107 ± 737	3259 ± 800	4301 ± 744*^,#	TNF-α [%]	RIPC	108 ± 3	116 ± 6	198 ± 42*^,#
TNF-α [fg/mL]	placebo	2892 ± 580	3105 ± 566	2772 ± 265	3827 ± 450*^,#	TNF-α [%]	placebo	111 ± 3	116 ± 7	166 ± 19*^,#

Data are mean ± standard error of the mean. Concentrations of all humoral factors were analyzed by 2-way (group, time) ANOVA for repeated measures followed by Fisher’s post hoc tests. *p < 0.05 versus baseline, ^#p < 0.05 versus before ischemic cardioplegic arrest, ⁺p < 0.05 versus RIPC. Apolipoprotein A1 (Apo-A1), erythropoietin (EPO), growth differentiation factor-11 (GDF-11), growth hormone (GH), growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP), glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1), hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), interleukin (IL), remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC), ribonuclease A (RNase-1), stromal cell derived factor-1 α (SDF-1α), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α).

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Table 2 Concentration of humoral factors.

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