Figure 6

PM2.5 exposure induced proinflammatory and oxidative stress responses in the vascular endothelial cells. (A–F) HUVECs were treated with PM2.5 (12.5 μg/mL) for 24 hr and then surface levels of adhesive molecules and production of chemokines were determined (**P < 0.01). (G–H) PM2.5-treated or untreated HUVECs were co-cultured with BCECF/AM-labeled U937 cells. The adhesion of U937 cells to the endothelial cells were evaluated by photography under the confocal microscopy or quantitative flow cytometry (**P < 0.01). (I,J) HUVECs were treated with PM2.5 for 24 hr and then generation of ROS and MDA were determined (**P < 0.01). (K) HUVECs were treated with PM2.5 for the indicated time periods and then the number of viable cells was tested by trypan blue exclusion essay.