Table 1 Parameter used in the bioenergetics model.

From: The utility of bioenergetics modelling in quantifying predation rates of marine apex predators: Ecological and fisheries implications

Species (or group)

TL or DW (cm) (mean ± SD; range)

Mb (kg) (mean ± SD; range)

TL or DW to Mbrelationship

Reference for TL or DW to Mb conversion

Tissue energy-density (kcal/g)

Reference for tissue energy-density

Sevengill shark Notorynchus cepedianus

208 ± 35; 105–270

42.0 ± 22.0; 2.8–88.0

Females: Mb = 0.003TL2–0.42TL + 19.501 (R² = 0.996; n = 216) Males: Mb = 0.002TL2–0.22TL + 8.803 (R² = 0.98, n = 78)

42

  

Fur seal (FS) Arctocephalus pusillus; Other mammals (M) (undigested contents only)

 

2.1 ± 1.3; 0.7–4.0

 

Barnett unpub. data

2.5 (FS) 2.4 (M)

FS based on fur seal species; M based on  the average of pinniped & whale estimates1,18,58

Gummy shark Mustelus antarcticus

74 ± 20; 28–143

1.8 ± 1.6; 0.1–11.5

Females: Mb = 0.93 × 10−29 × 1.07 × (TL × 10)3.21 (R2 = 0.95; n = 1077) Males: Mb = 4.210.10−9 × 1.016 × (TL × 10)2.976 (R2 = 0.93; n = 862)

59

1.5

Based on Squalus acanthias 60

School shark Galeorhinus galeus

66 ± 16; 31–113

1.2 ± 0.8; 0.1–5.2

Same as gummy shark

59

1.5

60

Dogshark Squalus acanthias

54 ± 11; 19–94

0.73 ± 0.5; 0.03–4.2

Mb = 0.05TL2.6 × 1000 (R2 = 0.96; n = 32)

61

1.5

60

Eagle rays Myliobatis tenuicaudatus.

81 ± 14; 70–110

9.1 ± 5.8; 0.9–48.6

Mb = 2.76 × 10−05 × DW2.9 (R2 = 0.95; n = 393)

62

1.1

Based on batoid species in (60, 16)

Melbourne skate Spiniraja whitleyi

87 ± 29; 33–196

18.2 ± 17.7; 0.1–124.6

Mb = 0.005DW2–0.29DW + 4.65 (R2 = 0.96; n = 72)

Treloar unpub. data

1.1

60

Banded stingaree Urolophus cruciatus

18 ± 4; 9–30

0.3 ± 0.2; 0.03–1.1

Mb = 0.002DW2–0.03DW + 0.14 (R² = 0.96; n = 75)

Yick unpub. data

1.1

60

Elephantfish Callorhynchus milii

73 ± 9; 45–100

2.5 ± 1.2; 0.4–7.3

Females: Mb = 7.54e−10 × (TL × 10)3.3 Males: Mb = 6.3e−11 × (TL × 10)3.7

Braccini unpub. data

1.0

Based on Callorhynchus callorhynchus 60

Teleosts

 

0.8

 

Estimated average weight for multiple species combined

1.5

Average of all teleosts in60

Cephalopods (mainly arrow squid)

 

0.7

 

Estimated weight of squid63,64

1.5

60

  1. Because entire seals/mammals were not consumed by an individual N. cepedianus, Only weight of undigested mammal occurring in stomach samples was used to obtain average weight of mammal consumed. TL = total length, DW = disc width for batoids, Mb = body mass.
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