Table 1 Models used for the simulation exercise and their main characteristics.

From: Causes of variation among rice models in yield response to CO2 examined with Free-Air CO2 Enrichment and growth chamber experiments

Model

Exercise simulated

CO2 response for primary production

Other direct effects of [CO2]

Leaf area increase

Yield formation

Reference

FACE

SPAR

Leaf-level

Canopy-level

Resource-driven

Temperature-driven

Direct CO2 effect on grain set or harvest index

Grain number

Partitioning coefficient

LRC

FvCB

RUE

Carbon

Nitrogen

1. APSIM-ORYZA

●

●

●

   

●

   

●

 

47,48

2. CERES-RICE

●

●

  

●

Gs, Tr

  

●

 

●

 

49

3. DNDC-Rice

●

●

 

●

 

Gs, Tr

 

●

   

●

20,50,51

4. GECROS

●

●

 

●

 

Gs, Gm, Tr

●

●

  

●

 

52

5. GEMRICE

●

●

●

  

phenology, spikelet sterility

  

●

●

●

 

53–56

6. H/H

●

●

 

●

 

Gs

 

●

   

●

20,51,57

7. InfoCrop

 

●

  

●

Tr,

●

●

  

●

 

58

8. MATCRO§

●

●

 

●

 

Gs

●

    

●

59–61

9. MCWLA§

●

●

 

●

 

Gs, Tr

  

●

●

 

●

62

10. ORYZA2000

●

●

●

   

●

   

●

 

47

11. RiceGrow

●

●

●

   

●

    

●

63

12. RicePSM

●

●

●

   

●

●

  

●

 

64

13. SAMARA§

 

●

  

●

Tr

  

●

 

●

 

65

14. SIMRIW§

●

●

  

●

phenology, spikelet sterility

  

●

●

 

●

66,67

15. STICS

●

   

●

Gs, Tr

  

●

 

●

●

68,69

16. WARM§

●

●

  

●

 

●

    

●

70,71

  1. Gs, stomatal conductance; Gm, mesophyll conductance; Tr, transpiration.
  2. Leaf area increase;
  3. Resource-driven, dependent: LAI increases with the resource such as C and N allocated to the leaves;
  4. Temperature-driven, LAI increases without any effects of resource availability (only as a function of developmental stages or temperatures).
  5. Yield formation;
  6. Grain number, yield is calculated by grain number × individual grain weight;
  7. Partitioning coefficient, yield is calculated by biomass × harvest index.;
  8. Direct CO2 effect on grain set or harvest index, models that account for a direct effect of E-[CO2] on grain set or harvest index.
  9. §The models that do not include the quantification of the effects of different nitrogen on crop growth and yield.
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