Table 1 Metabolites associated with Shannon diversity in the discovery sample (following backward stepwise linear regression) and in the validation sample1.

From: Hippurate as a metabolomic marker of gut microbiome diversity: Modulation by diet and relationship to metabolic syndrome

Metabolite

Super-pathway

Sub-pathway

Discovery (n = 1529)

Validation (n = 420)2

beta (SE)

P

beta (SE)

P

Hippurate

Xenobiotics

Benzoate metabolism

0.230 (0.040)

3.72 × 10−8

0.238 (0.072)

0.001*

p-cresol sulfate

Amino acid

Phenylalanine & tyrosine metabolism

0.200 (0.040)

9.90 × 10−8

0.179 (0.063)

0.005*

phenol sulfate

Amino acid

Phenylalanine & tyrosine metabolism

−0.200 (0.040)

5.82 × 10−7

−0.121 (0.063)

0.055

Phenylacetylglutamine

Amino acid

Phenylalanine & tyrosine metabolism

0.180 (0.040)

5.21 × 10−6

0.195 (0.062)

0.002*

3-phenylpropionate (hydrocinnamate)

Amino acid

Phenylalanine & tyrosine metabolism

0.160 (0.040)

3.43 × 10−5

0.185 (0.084)

0.028*

4-ethylphenylsulfate

Xenobiotics

Benzoate metabolism

0.190 (0.050)

5.12 × 10−5

0.062 (0.081)

0.441

Hyodeoxycholate

Lipid

Bile acid metabolism

−0.190 (0.050)

8.66 × 10−5

−0.215 (0.089)

0.016*

Indolepropionate

Amino acid

Tryptophan metabolism

0.140 (0.040)

9.20 × 10−5

0.093 (0.083)

0.262

  1. *Statistically significant: P < 0.05.
  2. 1A linear regression was performed using Shannon diversity to predict levels of 292 metabolites adjusting for age, BMI, batch effects (and sex in the validation) and family relatedness.
  3. 2Statistically significant (P < 1.71 × 10−4) associations from the discovery group were validated in the validation group.
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