Table 1 Number and types of percussions, for the expert knapper (EK) and apprentices (App.) for each condition of learning (Cond.).

From: Teaching to make stone tools: new experimental evidence supporting a technological hypothesis for the origins of language

Exp.

Cond.

Phase

Percussion without extraction (P)

Percussion resulting in knapping error (D)

Percussion with flake removal (E)

Failure (F)

Total

T

M

SD

T

M

SD

T

M

SD

T

M

SD

T

M

SD

EK

315

10.5

6.05

99

3.3

2.18

610

20.3

3.93

0

0

0

1,024

34.1

8.25

App.

I-E

1

946

94.6

59.92

74

7.4

2.5

125

12.5

8.73

10

1

1.49

1,155

115.5

60.59

App.

I-E

2

1,592

159.2

101.7

107

10.7

4.92

179

17.9

8.71

8

0.8

1.22

1,886

188.6

100

TotaI

I-E

2,538

126.9

87.75

181

9

4.16

304

15.2

8.93

18

0.9

1.33

3,041

152

88.83

App.

G

1

584

58.4

32.57

72

7.2

2.2

156

15.6

3.33

12

1.2

1.87

824

82.4

32.76

App.

G

2

632

63.2

62.33

102

10.2

11.79

168

16.8

7.39

18

1.8

2.65

920

92

80.27

Total

G

1,216

60.8

48.46

174

8.7

8.39

324

16.2

5.61

30

1.5

2.25

1,744

87.2

59.87

App.

V

1

457

45.7

4.59

68

6.8

3.88

167

16.7

2.86

8

0.8

1.54

700

70

25.38

App.

V

2

455

45.5

34.81

65

6.5

4.4

139

13.9

4.43

10

1

1.33

669

66.9

38.82

Total

V

912

45.6

28.77

133

6.65

4.04

306

15.3

3.9

18

0.9

1.41

1,369

68.45

31.96

Total

App.

4,666

77.7

69.06

488

8.13

5.89

934

15.56

6.4

66

1.1

1.7

6,154

102.5

73

  1. I-E: imitation-emulation group; G: gestural communication group; V: verbal communication group. T: total; M: mean; SD: standard deviation.