Figure 1

Subcutaneous treatment with koumine alleviated incision induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. (A,B) Repeated koumine treatment attenuated the effects of plantar incision on pain as measured by MWT (A) and TWL (B) over time. (C,D) Maximal possible effects (%MPE) for MWT (C) and TWL (D) were increased by acute koumine administration in a dose dependent manner. (E,F) Similarly, koumine elevated the peak %MPE for MWT and TWL 1 h after treatment on the first day post incision. For (A,B), vehicle, koumine (0.28, 1.4, 7.0 mg/kg) or indomathacin (5 mg/kg) was administered once per day by s.c. injection for 7 consecutive days beginning at postoperative day 1. For (C–F), the drugs was administered s.c. on day 1 post incision. Abbreviations; KM: koumine, IDM: indomethacin. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 versus vehicle group; ^# P < 0.05, ^## P < 0.01, ^### P < 0.001 versus control group. Repeated measures two-way ANOVA with time and treatment as main effect. For further comparison among groups at the same time, multivariate ANOVA was performed followed by the LSD test. Each group consisted of 5–11 rats.