Figure 4
Koumine treatment attenuated POP-induced astroglia activation in the ipsilateral spinal dorsal horn of rats. (A–L) Representative images of ipsilateral dorsal spinal cord astroglial activation revealed by GFAP staining (green) in treatment and control groups receiving subcutaneous injections (as noted by the label on each image) at day 1 (A–D), day 3 (E–H), and day 7 (I–L) post-incision. (Q) Quantification of GFAP positive area in treatment and control groups receiving subcutaneous injections. (M–P) and (R) are representative images and quantification of ipsilateral dorsal spinal cord astroglial activation in treatment and control groups receiving intrathecal injections, respectively. Scale bar: 100 μm. For (A–L), vehicle or koumine (0.28, 7 mg/kg) was administered once per day by s.c. injection for 1 (A–D), 3 (E–H), 7 (I–L) days beginning at postoperative day 1. For (M–P), vehicle or koumine (8, 200 μg) was administered by a single i.t. injection on the first day post incision. Abbreviations; KM: koumine. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 versus vehicle group; ### P < 0.001 versus control group. One-way ANOVA followed by the LSD post hoc test. Each group consisted of 5–11 rats.
