Figure 5
Koumine attenuated POP-induced proinflammatory cytokine overexpression in rat SC. Plantar incision led to significantly increased levels of TNF-α (A), IL-6 (B), and IL-1β (C). The peak increase of all cytokines was observed on day 1 post incision. Two different doses of koumine attenuated the rise in the levels of all 3 cytokines. For (A–C), vehicle or koumine (0.28, 7 mg/kg) was administered once per day by s.c. injection for 1, 3 or 7 days beginning at postoperative day 1. Abbreviations; KM: koumine. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 versus vehicle group; # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01, ### P < 0.001 versus control group. One-way ANOVA followed by the LSD post hoc test. Each group consisted of 5–11 rats.
