Figure 3

Positive, negative, and net work produced by structures distal to a reference segment: hallux (green), forefoot (red), hindfoot (blue), and shank (black). Both positive and negative work magnitudes generally increased from distal (hallux) to proximal (shank). The net work production distal to the shank is near zero (−0.012 ± 0.054 J/kg), suggesting that the foot-ankle complex is like an energy-neutral system.