Figure 1 | Scientific Reports

Figure 1

From: Phagocytosis of environmental or metabolic crystalline particles induces cytotoxicity by triggering necroptosis across a broad range of particle size and shape

Figure 1

Different sizes and shapes of crystals or crystalline particles induce cell death in HK-2 cells. (A,B) Crystals of CaP, silica, cholesterol, and TiO2 nanoparticles were visualized by light microscopy (A) and TEM (B) Note the different sizes and shapes of all crystals. (C) HK-2 cells were exposed to CaP (1 mg/ml), silica (1 mg/ml), TiO2 (0.5 mg/ml), cholesterol (3 mg/ml), CaOx (1 mg/ml), and MSU (0.5 mg/ml) for 24 hrs. Cell death was visualized by PI stain (red color). Acridine orange (green color) stained live cells. PI images were converted into black and white image for better visualization using ImageJ software. (D) Quantification of DNA-PI mean fluorescence intensity (MFI). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM from three independent experiments.

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