Figure 5 | Scientific Reports

Figure 5

From: Re-evaluation of the origin of relaxor ferroelectricity in vinylidene fluoride terpolymers: An approach using switching current measurements

Figure 5

Schematic model of the dipole switching in the P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) terpolymer. CFE sites act as pinning sites. The VDF and TrFE dipoles neighbouring the CFE sites are tightly pinned by the CFE sites, as indicated by the red arrows. They can rotate at higher electric fields but are pulled back by the pinning sites upon reducing or removing the electric field. This switching behaviour caused the double hysteresis loop-like antiferroelectricity. The corresponding switching current is shown in (a). The rotating nanodomains of the VDF and TrFE dipoles far from the CFE sites, indicated by the blue arrows, enable switching, which led to relaxor ferroelectricity at lower electric field cycling. The corresponding switching current is shown in (b).

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