Figure 7

(a) Distance (mean ± SE) of Spodoptera frugiperda larvae from the centre of the population distribution. (b) Larval density (mean ± SE) of S. frugiperda in the lattice of cells. Means followed by different uppercase letters above contamination levels from the same type of crop and different lowercase letters above different types of crops with the same contamination level were significantly different as determined by Tukey’s test (P = 0.05).